What are the components of a PCR reaction? How would you calculate the final concentrations of the components in the PCR reaction and in the restriction digest? What happens during each step of a PCR cycle? What parameters vary amount restriction enzymes?

Is good animal welfare complete mental and physical health, or is an animal only experiencing poor welfare if it is experiencing an unpleasant mental state (so even if it has a health problem, if the animal does not feel it, then it does not have a problem of welfare)

• Do we simply ensure that animals have access to an environment that is sufficient to meet their physical requirements, or do we consider their affective state also?   

• We have a number of tools for measuring negative welfare, but if we aspire to improve conditions, shouldn’t we also be identifying ways of maximising positive welfare states?   

• How do we define animal welfare and identify welfare issues in the livestock industry?   

• Use the following table as an example of how you can think about the advantages or disadvantages of each method of animal welfare assessment under intensive or extensive housing conditions. A key concept would be which measures are practical and relevant?

Please draw and label a generalized diplontic, haplontic or alternation of generation life cycle. (including mitosis). Please draw and label the difference between homosporous alternation of generation and heterosporous alternation of generation. Also isomorephic and heteromorphic.

topic: flow-cytometric sperm separation ( write a review on it more than 800 words) Please answer the question only if you can observe the minimum limit of 800 words and if it is possible please type the answer. Thank you.

Are the protists a monophyletic group? please discuss this and describe this by drawing a “tree” that would include the diatoms, dinoflagellates, red algae, brown algae, green algae and charophytes. what are the main characteristics of these different groups, i.e., which of these groups have silica in its cell walls? Which has both chlorophyll a and b,which of these is considered in the plantae group but NOT a green plant, etc.?

. List four strategies to control flystrike and describe how they reduce the risk of flystrike

1. Describe a BEACH that you would find on a passive margin coastline.

2. Describe a BEACH that you would find on an active margin coastline.

Discuss how sexual selection pressures differ between males and females. What effect does this have on adaptations and other features observed between different sexes in plants and/or animals? Give several examples of how a sexual character can aid an animal in securing a mate thereby enhancing fitness. What factor(s) potentially place a restraint on this type of directional selection?

5. Which of the following objects, if touched to the surface of trypticase soy agar (TSA) within a Petri plate, would likely exhibit bacterial growth?

A. Your best friends nose

B. A strangers cell phone

C. A sterile swab

D. All of the above

E. A and B

  6. Which of the following is/are true of aseptic technique during streak plating?

A. It prevents airborne contaminants from entering the test tube culture you are working with.

B. It prevents airborne contaminants from entering the Petri plate.

C. It prevents cells from your culture from being left on the loop (to be touched by you or someone else the next time the loop is used).

D. All of the above

E. B and C

11. The primary function of the simple stain using methylene blue is to…

1. Distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative wall and membrane(s) composition and organization.
2. Elucidate the shape of a bacterial capsule.
3. Elucidate the shape of the cell itself.
4. A and B
5. B and C

13. If safranin was replaced with methylene blue in the Gram stain, then Gram-negative E. coli would appear?

A. Bluish-Purple

B. Green

C. Pink

D. Red

E. Yellow

What is cystic fibrosis? Describe the major genetic cause and the mechanism that leads to the
symptoms of the disease.

The maximum yield of ATP per molecule of glucose in eukaryotic cells is 36 or 38 ATP, depending on cell type and conditions. Why is the calculated ATP yield referred to as "Maximal Theoretical Yield" in eukaryotic and in prokaryotic cells?

1. How would it affect organisms living in cold climates if oil or alcohol were their main body fluid?
2. How do you think the cohesive nature of water relates to its evaporation?
3. Describe in detail an experiment you could conduct to test whether another substance could replace water.