The difference between prenatal genetic testing and prenatal genetic screening is that testing is performed when there is a family history of a disorder, and screening is performed on the general population.

True

False

1. Explain how the epidermis and the external morphology of shark, mudpuppy, snake, bird, pig are adapted to the lifestyle of each animal.

2. Trace the path of food from its entrance into the body to its exit from the body for each of the five organisms, indicating all organs that are involved in the digestion of food.

3. Indicate one unique digestinve feature for each organism and indicate its function.

1. Identify one unique feature of the reproductive system for the shark, mudpuppy, snake, bird, and pig, and explain its role in the reproduction for that organism.

2. Describe how the excretory system has evolved across this spectrum of animals.

3. Describe how the brain has evolved across this spectrum of animals.

Vitaceae - detail description of species (plant), including flower, leaf stem, fruit, habitat, etc. Thank you.

Family: Vitaceae Species: Ampelopsis glandulosa Common Name: porcelain berry

Family: Vitaceae Species: Parthenocissus tricuspidata Common Name: Boston ivy

Compare and contrast the immune response of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells during primary infection and subsequent infections. Include a comment on the magnitude, kinetics and mechanism of activation observed

1.a.Discuss briefly the key differences between climate change and climate variability.
(25marks)
b.Write a short essay on climate sub-systems.
(25marks)
2.a.Write an essay on Global Warming.
(25marks)
b.Write notes on the Greenhouse Effect.
(25marks)

Vitaceae - detail description of species (plant), including flower, leaf stem, fruit, habitat, etc. Thank you.

Family: Vitaceae Species: Vitis riparia Michx. Common Name: river grape, frost grape

Family: Vitaceae Species: Vitis vulpina L. Common Name: winter grape

Travis, an overweight 51 year old male, had been diagnosed with stable angina two years ago and was prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin to be taken as needed. Recently, his attacks have become more frequent and less predictable. During his annual check up, his doctor looked alarmed when his blood test revelled elevated cardiac troponin levels.

A) Describe the function of troponin in healthy cardiomyocytes?

B) Explain why Travis' doctor was alarmed at his blood test results. Why did his serum cardiac troponin levels increase?

Can you identify an innate immune cell that responds to SARS-COV2 infection? What are mechanisms by which the cell facilitates clearance of the virus?

All crops we go have been genetically modified from their original forms. Some of it is through selective breeding, some through mutation breeding, and recently through genetic engineering. Why is there so much opposition to genetic engineering as opposed to something like mutation breeding, which has been around for decades?

All crops we go have been genetically modified from their original forms. Some of it is through selective breeding, some through mutation breeding, and recently through genetic engineering. Why is there so much opposition to genetic engineering as opposed to something like mutation breeding, which has been around for decades?

1. Septic Sarah

Sarah developed septicaemia as a result of her wound.  Blood cultures at that time were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae. She was hospitalised and was immediately treated with intravenous penicillin. Within two minutes of the injection, Sarah collapsed into unconsciousness with an irregular heart rate and a dramatic drop in blood pressure.

3. Based on the information above, was this the first time that Sarah was exposed to penicillin? Describe the physiological mechanism to support your answer.

4. Name one drug that would you administer to Sarah as she collapsed and provide its mechanism of action.

5. After her full recovery, would you recommend that Sarah get vaccinated against S. pneumoniae? If so, which type of pneumococcus vaccine would you recommend and why? If you wouldn’t recommend any pneumococcus vaccine, provide your reasoning.

Q1. PLEASE EXPLAIN THE ANSWER Near to lacO are other DNA sequences similar to lacO.

A. What prevents LacI from occupying these instead of the lacO in the promoter region?

B. What role is proposed for those other lacO-like elements?

Q2. PLEASE EXPLAIN THE ANSWER

You are given an E. coli merodiploid with an F plasmid with this genotype: lacP- lacO+ lacZ+ lacY+ and a chromosome with a second copy of the lac operon with this genotype: lacP+ lacO+ lacZ- lacY-. Depending on the whether lacP- is replaced with lacP+ on the F plasmid by the Holliday or DSBR model, what happens to the copy of lacP on the chromosome? Explain why.