Why do different people experience the same disease differently? Or asked another way, why do pathogens cause different symptoms in different people?

Suggest two or more well-founded reasons for this difference.

You are asked to produce a stealth liposome with the ability to carry cDNA into the nucleus of a targeted cell carrying a specific type of receptor on its membrane. How would you design it?

1. Prokaryotic (Bacterial) Cell -Organelle Cell Function ½.

Ribosome:

Nucleoid Region:

Plasma Membrane:

2. Eukaryotic (Animal and Plant) Cell--Organelle Cell Function   ½

Cytoskeleton:

Centrioles:

Lysosome:

Cytoplasm:

Nucleus:

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Ribosome:

Mitochondria:

Golgi complex:

Chromatin:

Cell wall:

Flagellum:

3. List the various Membrane Proteins?

determine which part of the endocrine system could be experiencing problems. List some other info that could confirm or rule out your initial diagnosis (test you might be able to run or questions to ask the patient or relatives). Explain your reasoning.

A 27 year old female enters the clinic complaining of fatigue, fluid retention (especially in her face), and a cold that she just cannot kick. She is studying for her midterms (she is a first year physician's assistant student) and her roommate finally convinced her to come in; because she is always sick and always grumpy.

. The “Convenience Factor” has been shown to influence food consumption and the development of new products.

a) Describe the “Convenience Factor” in detail, giving an example of how it has been used to increase the consumption of an existing food product.

b) Taking the “Convenience Factor” into consideration, describe in detail how you would modify an existing food product to make it more convenient for consumers to use the product, with the ultimate aim of increasing sales of the product.

c) Discuss the functions of a food package and show how packaging can be used to increase the sales and consumption of a food product.

How is KPC resistance acquired? What genetic elements does it have and what resistance mechanisms do these confer?

Please find the 4 true statements among the 12 listed below. Write down True or False
next to each sentence please.
 The axon arises from the perikaryon in an area devoid of Nissl substance, the axon
hillock.
 Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around the axons in the central nervous system.
 Neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglial cells all are
derived from neuroectoderm.
 The telencephalic vesicles become the third ventricle.
 Oxyphil cells are acidophilic cells containing abundant cytoplasmic granules filled
with parathyroid hormone.
 In addition to the unmyelinated axons from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons,
the adeno hypophysisal also contains pituicytes.
 The axons of the rods and cones project in to the outer plexiform layer of retina and
synapse with dendrites of ganglion cells.
 Cornea is the transparent anterior outer most layer of the eye that lacks blood
vessels and nerve endings.
 In the cochlea there is kinocilium.
 Perilymph is extracellular fluid that fills the bony labyrinth.
 Inner ear develops from surface ectoderm.
 The portion of each optic vesicle that interacts with the surface ectoderm induces
that area of the ectoderm to form a thickening called the lens placode (a precursor of
the lens).

Describe the mechanism in bacteria for repair of DNA containing mismatches, chemically modified bases, and double strand breaks.

. “Some religious belief systems were useful in the conservation of wetlands prior to formal initiation of wetland conservation measures”. Discuss this statement in relation to the management of Sakumo Lagoon (Sakumo II Lagoon) in Ghana.

In what ways is this antibiotic resistance acquired specifically? What genetic elements does it have and what resistance mechanisms do these confer?

Explain substrate transfer through cell membrane

Vaccines. Your friend is worried about the many vaccines that his newborn son is scheduled to receive and asks you for advice since you are taking a biology course. Start with an explanation of how vaccines work. Briefly contrast the traditional methods used to create vaccines with more recently used biotechnology techniques. Then list some of the diseases that babies and children in the US are routinely vaccinated against. How has vaccinations impacted the frequency of these diseases over the past 100 years? Why are some people worried about giving their children vaccines? Is there scientific evidence to support these concerns? Conclude with advice to your friend in regard to getting the recommended vaccines based on what you learned from reliable information sources.

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

(A) Discuss the pre-pancreatic enzymes of digestion and include one usual abnormal finding

(B) Discuss the pancreatic enzymes of digestion and include one usual abnormal finding

(C) Discuss the small intestine absorption of nutrients and include one usual abnormal finding

(D) Discuss absorption in the large intestine and vitamin K regulation; include one usual abnormal finding

Explain briefly the difference between the isotonic and isoismotic solutions.

HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

1. Describe the ligand and any external receptors that bind to the ligand. If signaling can occur without an external ligand, explain how this can occur.

2. Describe how the signal is translocated from the exterior of the cell to the interior of the cell. Be sure to describe the specific activity of the receptor in initiating the intracellular signal.

3. Describe the propagation of the signal within the cell from the membrane receptor to the point of cellular response. Provide the details for at least one specific protein interaction that either results in the activation or inactivation of a subsequent protein or signaling molecule to propagate the signal.

4. What is a specific cellular response to the signal. Something will change- what is it?