1. How can anaerobic microorganisms grow on the skin or in the mouth, both which are exposed to air?

2. Why do many gram positive microbes that grow on the skin, such as S. Epidermis grow poorly or not at all in the gut?

. Describe with the aid of diagrams how the Baroreceptor Reflex System regulates cardiac output, heart rate and total peripheral resistance in order to restore changes in blood pressure

a) When mean arterial pressure is increased

b) When mean arterial pressure is decreased physiology

1. What are the functions of the skeletal system?

2. How are bones classified based on their shape?

3. Define the following: process, ramus, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, facet, fossa, foramen and fissure.

4. What are the structural components of a long bone?

5. What are the components of the bone matrix?

6. Compare and contrast compact bone with spongy bone.

7. What is an osteon, and what are its components?

8. What is the function of red marrow in the bones and how does it differ in adults and infants?

9. Define the following terms: osteoblast, osteogenesis, osteoid, osteoclasts, osteolysis.

10. How do osteocytes communicate?

11. Summarize the process of endochondral ossification (two paragraphs).

Discuss how important primers are in a biochemical context. How do primers work?

Relate the central dogma of molecular biology to the principles of PCR

Recent advances in HIV research have led to development of drugs that can prevent the spread of HIV virus in the host. Thinking about the replication cycle of the HIV virus, list a likely drug target encoded by the HIV viral genome and explain in your own words how this new drug might work to stop the spread of HIV virus in the host.

Give the importance of the following in the context of PCR: (1) melting temperature (Tm), (2) GC content, (3) primer size, and (4) primer specificity

After designing PCR primers, what next steps should be done? Explain briefly.

Discuss the general life cycle of viruses and relate key stages to their pathogenicity.

3 . a) What tissue structure are unique to animal and what are the benefits of these structures?

b.) In what way do animal cells differ from that of other multicellular eukaryotes? Explain.

c.) In what way(s) are sponges (Porifera/Parazoa) different from other animals (eumetazoans)?

d.) Describe the process of sexual reproduction in a typical animal.

e.) Describe the most common mode of asexual reproduction in animals.

f.) What is parthenogenesis?

The liver takes up cholesterol for excretion and metabolism from three
different lipoprotein particles (LDL, chylomicron remnants and HDL).
Describe the discovery, structure and functional characteristics of the
three receptors involved. Where appropriate, include examples of
genetic mutations that helped identify functional domains within each
receptor, and hence provided insight into uptake mechanisms.

1. Cystinuria is a disease characterized by the abnormal production of painful kidney stones. The stone formation does not appear to be related to patient dehydration. These stones are produced because certain amino acids tend to build up and crystallize outside the transport cells. Can your group think of any reason why a cell might fail to reabsorb organic molecules?
2. Epulos, a bacterium growing in the gut of tropical surgeonfish can reach the size of 500 micrometers. How does this compare to other bacteria and what problems does this present the Epulos? What are some ways that a cell this size could alter its structure to survive?
3. Many biologists speculate that the first major steps in the evolution of a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic ancestor would be the loss of a cell wall and the development of an extensive cytoskeleton. Why do you suppose these steps are so important? Specifically discuss what these steps allowed a eukaryotic ancestor.

What are PCR primers? Briefly discuss how primers can be designed