what are the major components of the cytoskeleton? Explain each by listing.

1. How many spermatids are formed after spermatogenesis?
2. What is the epididymis purpose?
3. What is the function of the Ductus (Vas) Deferens?
4. What does the seminal vesicle do? What volume is contributed to the semen?
5. Why is it so important that the semen be alkaline?

Use a numerical example to demonstrate that selection is not efficient at removing deleterious recessive alleles from a population.

First, choose a value of q, the frequency of the deleterious recessive allele in generation 1. What fraction of the population is homozygous for the deleterious recessive?

Now, select a value for s and calculate the expected frequency of the allele in the next generation, q’. What fraction of the population is homozygous for the deleterious recessive in this generation?

How do the two enzymes, phosphorylase kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase, work together to regulate the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme?

During cocoa pulp fermentation, how does the cross-feeding dynamic between lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and acetic acid bacteria influence energy generation AND cell biogenesis in acetic acid bacteria and successful fermentation of cocoa pulp.

All mammals have oxygen sensing system to directly monitor the oxygen availability and energy sensing system which indirectly monitors the carbon source supply. Considering the important role of nitrogen element in biologic system, one can assume the existence of a nitrogen-sensing system as well. If you agree, discuss what this system might be. If you do not agree, write down your reasoning and argument. Either way you choose, please cite relevant reference to support your argument.

. Define plant development and explain which main developmental processes are required to build a plant. Indicate why plant development is an essential trait in agriculture giving some examples of developmental modifications selected throughout plant domestication.

Regarding the trp operon leader sequence:

1.What would happen if the leader sequence was mutated in region 3, such that the it was missing?

2. Regarding Electrophoresis:

Restriction endonuclease (why restricted?, why endo?   Why -nucl-? Why - ase?)

RFLP

Ethidium Bromide

Probe

3. DNA is ___________________ charged and therefore moves toward the _______________ electrode.

discussed two different methods of energetic coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. In your own words, describe each of these energetic coupling mechanisms and provide a specific example of each.

Q3 In the presence of a template DNA, a primer and deoxyribonucleotides, DNA polymerase synthesises DNA by adding complementary bases at the end of the primer/growing chain. The DNA template and the primer sequences are as follows DNA template 5`- ATGCGTGCGTACATACGCAATTCGAATGCGCGCTAACGGCCTTGCG-3` Primer 5`-CGCAAGGCCGTTAGCGC-3`

a. Deduce the sequence of the next five bases that will be added to the primer when all reagents needed for DNA synthesis are supplied in the reaction.

b. Generate the sequence of the newly synthesised shortest labelled fragment if labelled ddATP was also added in the reaction mixture?  

explain genomic fingerprinting

Look at this undecapeptide: Arg Asp Cys Glu Leu Lys Met Phe NH4+. What would each step do to the udecapeptide? Draw the final structure.

a. treatement with iodoacetate that had no affect on the undecapeptide.

b. treatment with 2 x 2-mercaptoethanol yielding a tripe-tide and octapeptide.

c. treatment with carboxypeptidase A liberated leucine.

d. treatment with cyanogen bromide yielding a methionine, a tripeptide and a heptapeptide.

The question states that these amino acids are only some components of the undecapeptide structure and that some amino acids within this structure may be repeated. The point is to determine the correct structure following several treatments. After these treatments, what conclusions can you make about the structure of the undecapeptide? What might the structure be?