58. In cases where members of two species produce an offspring but the offspring is sterile, the type of reproductive barrier is known as which of the following?

a) behavioral isolation             

b) temporal isolation               

c) reduced hybrid fertility

d) reduced hybrid viability      

e) hybrid breakdown

59. In cases where members of two species hybridize but the offspring are weak and unable to compete with non-hybrids, the type of reproductive barrier is known as which of the following?

a) behavioral isolation             

b) temporal isolation               

c) reduced hybrid fertility

d) reduced hybrid viability      

e) hybrid breakdown

60. Female birds typically observe the color pattern and behavior of male birds prior to approaching them to determine their species (prior to assessing them as a potential as a mate). This initial inspection prevents them from hybridizing and is referred to as which of the following?

a) behavioral isolation             

b) temporal isolation               

c) reduced hybrid fertility

d) reduced hybrid viability      

e) hybrid breakdown

In this stickleback system, the red coloration also plays a role in signaling between males and females. Males flash color to females during courtship dances. However, some males do not produce the color. These males adopt cryptic coloration (resembling the background) and engage in sneaky mating attempts instead of courtship. Females do not pay attention to these sneaker males.

63. Which of the following is likely the case for the sneaker males?

a) they outnumber the displaying males and their relative number is maintained by frequency-dependent selection

b) they are outnumbered by displaying males and their relative number is maintained by frequency-dependent selection

c) they outnumber the displaying males and their relative number is maintained by gene flow

d) they are outnumbered by displaying males and their relative number is maintained by gene flow

64. Which of the following is likely the case for females?

a) on average, females benefit more by responding to displaying males only

b) on average, females benefit more by responding to both displaying males and sneaker males

c) on average, females benefit more by responding to sneaker males only

DO YOU SEE WHAT EYE SEE CASE STUDY

1

One of Darwin’s main ideas was that evolution involves descent with modification from common ancestry. We know today that the modification can be simply divergence in gene sequences. The diagram to the right shows a phylogeny for the organisms represented in the sequences above. The degree of similarity in gene sequences is representative of how long ago two organisms have diverged from each other. In other words, organisms with a more recent common ancestor will have a greater similarity in gene sequences than organisms that have a much more ancient common ancestor. Make a hypothesis for which gene sequences listed above represent each branch of the phylogeny.

2

There is variation in nucleotide sequences, but the amino acid sequences for the partial sequence presented in this case are identical between the five species. Explain why natural selection might have favored conservation of the amino acid sequence.

3

How could different nucleotide sequences result in the same amino acid sequences? Explain the mechanism.

4

How is Pax6 and other master genes like HOX different from other genes? How does this difference affect evolution?

Thank you

1. What happens when NMR active nuclei is irradiated with radiowave frequencies ?

The question is from structural biology(NMR spectroscopy).

Consider cargo proteins that are destined for secretion to the extracellular space. Please predict where the cargo will end up (ex. in the cytoplasm, a specific organelle, transport vesicles, multiple places, extracellular space) for: (i) & (ii) Each individual condition; & (iii) The combination of both conditions.

C.

(i) v-SNAREs on COPII coated vesicles are mutated to be unable to bind t-SNAREs

(ii) A transmembrane domain is added to the cargo protein.

(iii) Both
D.

(i) Receptors in the Golgi are mutated so they are unable to bind to cargo proteins.

(ii) COPI coat proteins are mutated so they are unable to bind to membranes.

(iii) Both

8. What are the factors affect the population difference between the lower energy state N sub alpha and the upper energy state N sub beta? How is the population difference is related to NMR signal strength?

The question is from structural biology(NMR Spectroscopy).

Explain how DNA synthesis is used for 3 different methods of base sequencing.

There are several aspects of DNA polymerases that tell you about their probable functions in the cell. These are processivity, 3' -> 5' exonuclease acitvity, requirements for viability, 5' -> 3' exonuclease activity. Describe what each of these mean and indicate what they tell you about the polymerase.

Explain the importance of immunological memory cells. Describe in detail how and when memory cells arise and explain how they form the basis for effective immunizations.

A 100-acre farmland contaminated by a massive diesel tanker spillage was subjected to the bioremediation using indigenous microbes in the soil as well as genetically modified Pseudomonas fluorescents over a 14-year period.

a) Briefly discuss any three factors that would have affected the bioremediation of the soil.

b) What bioremediation approach was used to tackle the problem and why?

c) What conditions would favor the approach used in question 2b above?

d) Highlight what outcomes of the process would indicate a successful remediation.

Human population size underlies nearly every environmental problem that the planet faces. The environmental problems I am referring to are global warming, deforestation, water and air pollution to name a few. China is noteworthy in establishing limits on the number of children a couple can have as a way of limiting population growth in their nation. Should we consider similar measures in the United States given the growing numbers of people in our country and the idea that natural resources are limited?

. Describe how the brain has evolved across this spectrum of animals. (Shark, Mudpuppy,snake, bird, and pig)

Which of the following is a key control enzyme in the regulation of respiration?

a. Phosphofructokinase

b. Pyruvate Dehyrogenase

c. Citrate synthase

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

From vet tech:

The grid is used when x-raying body parts that are larger (thicker). Briefly describe why a grid is used in these circumstances.

You perform a cell free translation experiment like Nirenberg and Matthaei, but you forget to write down what nucleotides you added to make the mRNA. You precipitate the translated polypeptides and measure the relative amount of radiolabeled amino acids incorporated into them. You get 25% proline, 25% threonine, 12.5% glutamine, 12.5% lysine, 12.5% asparagine, and 12.5% histidine. What nucleotides and in what % did you add to make the mRNA? Please explain step by step.

Why is the answer 50% C and 50% A?