The “reading frame hypothesis” can explain the difference in
phenotype between Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD
and BMD respectively), diseases which are both caused by mutations
affecting the gene encoding the protein dystrophin. How has our
understanding of the molecular bases of these two diseases led to
development of molecular therapies for DMD using antisense
oligonucleotides to modulate dystrophin RNA splicing, and involving a
mechanism of so-called exon skipping? (min 500words)

6. At which stage(s) of meiosis does the following occur?

1. Replication? ______________________________________

2. Crossing over? ______________________________________

3. Random assortment? ______________________________________

4. Separation of bivalents? ______________________________________

5. Separation of sister chromatids? ______________________________________

6. Transition from diploid to haploid? ______________________________________

List the different classes of antibodies, where they are found and their functions

Describe the functions of the following proteins and how they modify other proteins to activate or inactivate these other protein’s enzymatic functions: 1)Kinases, 2)Phosphatases, 3)Acetyltransferases, 4)Methyltransferases.

In a gene regulatory network, describe the differences between: a) Inducible versus Repressible control systems b) Up and Down regulation

If being a cancer cell was easy every cell would do it. Based on what you learned from this course, using at least 3 distinct points, justify this statement. (5 points)

Metastasis is responsible for about 90% of cancer associated deaths. The five year survival rate comparisons for metastatic and non-metastatic tumors in various tissues was presented in lecture 10. The prostate cancer survival rate for non-metastatic tumors is 100%, whereas for liver cancer it is 28%. Why do you think there is such a big difference in survival rates for these two cancer types when both are non-metastatic tumors? (5 points)

Knockdown of a protein "TAP" in mice leads to a loss of tumor associated pericytes. What consequence would this have on metastasis and why? (5 points)

List and Describe three regulated stages of gene expression (hint there are six to choose from).

In the lectures you heard “Cancer cells hijack the EMT process”. The definition of hijack according to the Cambridge dictionary is “to take control of or use something that does not belong to you for your own advantage”. Now, explain what does it mean when you say cancer cells hijack the EMT process or in other words, how are the cancer cells hijacking the EMT process? (5 points)

Explain how the replication of the lagging strand occurs in E. coli. Include a description of the role of each of the key enzymes involved.

esearch the role of molecular chaperones (note, we didn’t cover this topic in class) and their role in protein folding and provide me a summary of (a) how they work, (b) where they are found and (c) if there are any diseases that have been identified where they don’t function appropriately.

**Please do not write in cursive**

Q: What is the difference in the formation of the body of Porifera and the bodies of all other Phyla?

How does MRSA develop antibiotic resistance? What genetic elements does it have and what resistance mechanisms do these confer?