List five (5) prokaryotic enzymes or proteins and their corresponding eukaryotic enzymes or proteins that carry out the same function during DNA replication. Provide the function for each of the enzymes.

Part A - Short Answer

If tryptophan (trp) codons containing two trp codons in its leader region were mutated to serine (ser) codons, then a high level of expression of the mutated operon would be visible ONLY if trp and ser were absent at the same time from the media. Explain why this occurs.

Part B - Multiple Choice

Circle the correct relationship between the trp operon and the repressor.

• The repressor acts in 'cis'.
• The repressor protein is responsible for the formation of the "termination" stem loop.
• Binding of the repressor protein leads to attenuation of the trp operon.
•   The presence of tryptophan results in increased expression of the tryptophan gene
• When bound to tryptophan, the repressor is able to bind the operator of the trp operon

Part C - Multiple Choice

Before transcription of the lac operon can commence, RNA polymerase must strongly bind to the promoter. Circle the correct statement as to why this occurs.

• lacI+ is mutated to lacI-
• a CAP-cAMP complex binds to the CAP site in the promoter in the absence of glucose.
• CAP binds to the CAP site in the promoter in the presence of glucose.
• catabolite repression occurs in the presence of glucose.
• catabolite repression occurs in the absence of glucose.

The biological oxidation of Fe2+ in mine drainage waters can result in red discoloration in steams from subsequent Fe3+ precipitation

(a) Name the type of organism responsible for this process

(b) Is this reaction spontaneous? Show calculations to justify your answer

(c) Write a balanced overall equation for biological of Fe2+, assuming fs(max) and the presence of ammonia

(d) How many grams of oxygen are required per gram of Fe2+ oxidized?

plz let me know the detailed procedure especially (c)

Describe the four-species symbiosis in leafcutter ants.

What are four mechanisms of vegetative reproduction, for example, tubers

What factors influence the virulence (harmfulness) of cholera?

1.How does mode of transmission shape virulence?

2. What species of fungus is being developed as a biopesticide against malarial mosquitos, and why might it be more effective than chemical insecticides?

Discuss in detail the structural features of transcription factors and how these features relate to function.

Outline the forces driving variation in allele, gamete, or haplotype frequencies in
populations and illustrate one or more with two examples involving human genetic
disorders

write 500 words

During the past several decades there has been an alarming increase in the incidence of skin cancers, including malignant  melanoma, that has been attributed to increased sun exposure.

1. Explain the possible mechanism whereby ultraviolet radiation promotes the development of malignant skin lesions.
2. Cite two important clinical signs that aid in distinguishing a dysplastic nevus from a malignant  melanoma

Eukaryotic protein x has one proline residue and two cysteine residues. The proline needs to be in the cis-configuration in the folding protein and a disulphide bond is formed between the cycteine residues in the folded protein. Discuss the folding of the protein in a solution with protein disulphide isomerases and peptidyl prolyl isomerases as well as without these enzymes. Make use of illustrations to show differences in the potential folding of protein x under different conditions.

70 year old man complains that he gets this terrible feeling "like the room is moving around" and becomes nauseated when he rolls over in bed or bends over suddenly. It usually goes  away once he has been up for awhile. He has been told that his symptoms are consistent with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

1. What is the pathophysiology associated with this man's vertigo?
2. Why do the symptoms subside once he has been up for a while?
3. What methods are available for treatment of the disorder?

Statistical tests: For each scenario below, identify the type of test you should use for the analysis.

79. Analyzing the effects of a drug on blood pressure level in a study with 20 people. All 20 people are tested both before taking the drug and after taking the drug.

a) paired t-test

b) unpaired t-test

c) c² test (chi-squared test)

80. Analyzing the effects of a drug on blood pressure level in a study with 30 people. 15 people take the drug and the other 15 people take the placebo.

a) paired t-test

b) unpaired t-test

c) c² test (chi-squared test)

81. Analyzing the effects on pollution on plant size in 10 different regions in the US. In each region, 20 plants exposed to pollution are measured and 20 plants not exposed to pollution are measured.

a) paired t-test

b) unpaired t-test

c) c² test (chi-squared test)

The mother of a seven-year-old boy notices that he is scratching his head frequently. On close examination she notices a grayish, round, and roughened area where the hair has broken off. Examination by the child's pediatrician produces a diagnosis of tinea capitis.

1. Explain the cause of the infection and proposed possible mechanisms for spread of infection in school-age children, particularly during winter months.

2. What methods are commonly used in the diagnosis  superficial fungal infections?

Write a short paragraph (50-100 words) about artificial valves that incorporates all of the following terms: (1) mechanical prosthetic valve, (2) bioprosthesis, (3) homograft, (4) heterograft