Describe the allosteric regulation model for transcription termination and briefly indicate how this model can explain both Rho dependent and Rho independent termination reactions.

In the peppered moth (Biston betularia), black individuals may be either homozygous (A₁A₁) or heterozygous (A₁A₂), whereas pale gray moths are only homozygous (A₂A₂). Suppose that in a sample of 250 moths from one locality, 108 are black and 142 are gray.

b) Assuming that the locus is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what are the allele frequencies? Show your work below:

c) Under this assumption, what proportion of the sample is heterozygous? What is the number of heterozygotes?

(Answer in no more than 400 words) Explain what Additive Genetic Covariance refers to. Explain how Additive Genetic Covariance plays a role in: 1) the evolution of senescence, 2) runaway sexual selection, and 3) a trait evolving in the opposite direction from where selection is pushing it.

Demonstrate how the genome is compacted in eukaryote cells.

1. What is the gram stain classification for each bacteria used:

    Hemophilus Influenzae:

    Staphylococcus aureus:

    Streptococcus pneumonia:

2. What are the gram types of the bacteria each of the antibiotics (penicillin, amoxicillin,

    erythromycin) used in the lab are effective against? If the antibiotic works better against one

    Gram type explain why. (4 points)

    penicillin:

    amoxicillin:

    erythromycin:

A popular variety of coffee, Coffea arabica, is a tetraploid plant with 44 chromosomes per somatic cell. What would be the chromosome number in the following Coffea arabica variants:

a. A diploid variant

b.A nullisomic variant

c. A Robertsonian translocation variant

d. A reciprocal translocation variant

1.

Which of the following is (are) correct regarding a proteome?

Group of answer choices

a. It is the collection of proteins that can be expressed by an organism

b. All of the proteome is expressed by each of the cells in an organism at all times

c. The proteins produced by the cell will be dependent on cell type and environment conditions

d. b) and c)

e. a) and c)

2.

Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true regarding the term alleles:

Group of answer choices

a. Present in two copies in a diploid organism.

b. Represent different forms of a gene for the same trait.

c. The nucleotide sequence in alleles representing the same trait must be identical

d. Both a) and b) are correct

e. All are correct.

3.

Depolarization is _______________

Group of answer choices

a. Going to a larger positive resting potential

b. Going to a larger negative resting potential

c. Makes it easier to open channels

d. a) and c) are correct

e. b) and c) are correct

4.

Metabotropic receptors:

Group of answer choices

a. Are G-protein linked receptors

b. Let the ions through the receptors based on conformation change

c. Transmembrane domain forms ion channels

d. Affect the neurons short term

e. None of the above

QUESTION 7

What is the purpose of gap junctions?

A. To prevent the leakage of extracellular fuid.

B. To provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent plant cells.

C. To fasten cells together.

D. To provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells.

QUESTION 8

During which phase of the cell cycle do homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate?

A. Metaphase III

B. Metaphase I

C. Metaphase

D. Metaphase II

QUESTION 9

Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that contributes to genetics variation?

A. Random pairing of homologous chromosomes

B. Random fertilization

C. Crossing over

D. Independent assortment of chromosomes

QUESTION 10

Generally speaking, how does a proto-oncogene become an oncogene?

A. The proto-oncogene is an inactive precursor protein that is cleaved to form the mature oncogene.

B. The proto-oncogene is phosphorylated, altering the function to that of an oncogene.

C. Proto-oncogenes can never become oncogenes. These are two completely different things.

D. The proto-oncogene is mutated, altering the function to that of an oncogene.

QUESTION 11

During which process are gametes (sperm and egg) produced?

A. Mitosis

B. Budding

C. Binary Fission

D. Meiosis

An invasive plant gets into your garden. It spreads through and out-competes all of you plants, reducing the local diversity. Which principle applies most directly?

A muskrat has a litter of offspring with another muskrat. Then another litter 7 months later, then 4 years later. Which reproductive strategy best applies?

During the North American summer, large areas of the Midwest have very high albedo. This is likely because of

Nesting birds often display this type of distribution or dispersion pattern, often resulting from competition. (For example... how their nests are individually spaced)

The energy from the sun must be directly converted into chemical energy by heterotrophs for living organisms to use it.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a K-selected species

morphological description of Vitaceae Description?

How are the leaves arranged?

What is the shape of the leaf?

Leaf type? pinnately compound. palmately compound or simple

What other leaf characteristics are important? leaf margins Is the leaf is petiolate, sessile, or clasping?

Inflorescence type ? spike raceme panicle corymb umbel helicoid cyme

Reproduction? Any information ?

synapomorphies of this plant family are?

64. Computationally predicting protein structure from a sequence may involve a “homology modeling” approach and/or “ab initio” techniques such as fragment assembly. Describe how both evolutionary data and knowledge of physico-chemical principles / force fields are used in predicting the structure adopted by a protein sequence.

1. The process of splicing:

Group of answer choices

a. Removes intron sequences

b. Removes polypeptides

c. Joins exon sequences

d. a) and c)

e. b) and c)

2.

Which of the following functions is not attributed to non-coding RNA?

Group of answer choices

a. RNA interference

b. Degredation of mRNA

c. Splicing of RNA

d. Post-translational modification of proteins

e. All of the above are the functions of non-coding RNA

3.

Conversion between electrical / chemical signals

Group of answer choices

a. Conversion between electrical / chemical signals

b. Reception of signal

c. Signal transmission

d. Pre- and Post-synaptic changes

e. All of the above

66. Describe the role of force fields in the approach to identify a protein that binds influenza hemagglutinin.