I believe you have all been through the D.A.R.E. program in high school and college orientations with the warnings of alcohol, what 2 things stood out

11. Which ofthe following statements correctly describesthe difference between ATP and the
nucleotides used during DNA synthesis?
A. ATP contains three high-energy bonds; the nucleotides havetwo.
B. The nucleotides have the sugar deoxyribose; ATP has the sugar ribose.
C. The nucleotides have two phosphate groups; ATP has three phosphate groups.
D. ATP isfound only in human cells; the nucleotides are found in all animal and plant cells.

1-what tests can be used to detect Listeria monocytogenes?

2- ?Treatment – common resistances and alternative treatments – mechanism of action? for L. monocytogenes?

Draw by hand a 3 pass transmembrane protein of your own creation (not a known one) through a plasma membrane. In your drawing clearly draw and label: The plasma membrane and the extracellular and cytosolic side The C and N terminus All the regions where you expect to find higher proportions of polar amino acids All the regions where you expect to find higher proportions of nonpolar amino acids.

explain the importance of protons to the production of ATP in animal cells. Refer to all relevant cellular structures and/or molecules in your explanation.

1. Most cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs. Some other bacteria are called photoheterotrophs. What do you think this means in terms of metabolic capability and production? Explain. Would you think photoheterotrophs represent an ancestral group of photosynthetic organisms or a more recent group that evolved after the photoautotrophs?

2. Some plants with genetic defects are unable to photorespire. These plants end up being damaged under intense light. Researches identify this as evidence that photorespiration is a protective mechanism in plants. Why might a disabling of the photorespiratory pathway lead to cell damage and how might the process of photorespiration mitigate this damage?

The sports saga with MRSA continues. A recent article in the NY Times about college sports described “To prevent teammates from sharing towels to wipe their faces or arms on the sideline, trainers have sometimes employed a small army of interns who scoop up any used towel so it can quickly be placed in the laundry. Jim Thornton, the athletic trainer at Clarion University in Pennsylvania, said his teams had begun using chemically treated towelettes that are about half the size of a standard towel and are discarded after each use. The expense may be worthwhile. One study of high school football players concluded that sharing a towel makes the chance of a MRSA infection eight times more likely.” https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/sports/the-never-ending-battle-against-sports-hidden-foe.html

They are talking about community acquired MRSA, which is the same as subtype USA300. What genes made this MRSA able to be transmitted via towels and why? Would you expect nonMRSA S. aureus to be equally transmitted? Why or why not?

1-Give any two differences between archaea plasma membrane VS the bacterial and eukaryotic membrane.

2-What is difference between the L wall of gram-positive and negative bacteria?

3-Name any 2 structures that are outside the prokaryotic cell wall?

4- what is the difference between amphitrichous and peritrichous flagellar arrangement?

5- what are the general function of a cell wall in a eukaryotic cell?

At the end of the semester we discussed DNA damage and repair systems. Then we read some papers on gene editing tools because these tools depend on DNA repair mechanisms in the cell to complete the editing process. For one of the three major editing tools, ZNFs (Zinc finger nucleases), TALENS (transcription activator-like effector nucleases) or CRISPR Cas9 answer the following:
     i. What are the components of the gene editing system? (2 pts)
           (type answer here)

    ii. What are the in vivo or normal functions components of the gene editing system? (2 pts)
           (type answer here)

    iii. What are the steps in use of the gene editing system to introduce a double stranded DNA break in the target DNA? If you include figures to help you answer this question be sure to insert in this section with your typed answer. (3 pts)
           (type answer and insert figure here)

     iv. What are the steps in the cell’s repair system(s) and how does this participate with these gene editing systems, leading to the edited DNA? If you include a figure to help you answer this question be sure to insert in this section with your typed answer. (3 pts)
           (type answer and insert figure here)

     v. How are the components of the gene editing system introduced to or inserted into cells? (2 pts)
           (type answer here)

     vi. Give a specific example of use of this gene editing system in attempt to correct the error(s) of an inborn error of metabolism. Describe how this was used to edit DNA to alleviate a defect and identify whether this was an in vivo, in vitro or ex vivo application and if successful (2 pts).   
       (type answer here)

References used to answer the parts of this question

Answer the following about metabolic syndrome in as much detail as you can recall (10 pts)
         i. What is metabolic syndrome and what are the causes or the conditions that cause and/or associated with metabolic syndrome? (3 pts)
             (type answer here)

         ii. What are the metabolic/biochemical characteristics of metabolic syndrome? (remember this is a biochemistry class and pathway and signaling and specific reaction discussions should be included with this answer – what pathways are affected and what is happening to them? ) (4 pts)
            (type answer here)

          iii. What factors have been shown to help alleviate the effects of metabolic syndrome and their effects on metabolism? Explain why these factors or changes have had these effects on metabolic syndrome

Briefly assess the relationships between Biological and Artificial Neural Network

Compare and contrast the activities of AMP-activated protein kinase and cAMP dependent protein kinase. To answer this question, address each of the points given here, labeling each point with what you are addressing.

Describe the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes (2 pts)

[type answer here]

What are the allosteric activators and inhibitors of these enzymes. Explain why do these allosteric regulators make sense?   (3 pts)
[type answer here]

What are the hormones that lead to stimulation and inhibition of these enzymes and relate to the overall functions of these hormones in the body.   (Remember the assigned reading including text and papers).
(3 pts)
[answer here]

What are the biochemical targets and effects of these two enzymes in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose? Include detail including overall functions and the metabolic pathways affected. Details required.
(3 pts)
[answer here]

What are the general functions of cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). (2 pts)
[answer here]

You needed to find reference sources outside of the notes and text to answer these questions completely. Include your references. References should be cited in a manner that the instructor would be able to access and read them online. So you want to give the reference and the best if the online pdf link of the paper is included along with the citation.