Use the mRNA codon chart to translate this DNA message:

1. List the sequence of amino acids in this chain
2. Suppose the sixth base in the DNA chain was an A instead of a C. How would this affect the protein

            produced?

3. What is the name given to this type of mutation in a protein chain? Explain

Which of the following bird species are most closely related?

       A. Picoides borealis and Phylloscopus borealis

       B. Numenius borealis and Picoides borealis sapiens

      C. Numenius americanus and Grus Americana

      D. Picoides villosus and Picoides borealis

The similarity of the embryos of chickens and humans is evidence of ________.

       A. biochemical similarities

       B. developmental similarities

       C. morphological similarities

       D. biogeography

If the coat of a virus about to attack a bacterium is labeled with radioactive sulfur and the DNA is labeled with

                 radioactive phosphorous, over time

1. both the sulfur and the phosphorous will be found within the bacterium
2. only the sulfur will be found inside the bacterium
3. only the phosphorous will be found inside the bacterium
4. both the sulfur and the phosphorous will be found outside the bacterium

The joining of amino acid 2 to amino acid 3 (letter "D") will be by

what affects gaseous tissue

Discuss the factors such as infection,diet,lifesytle and emotions impact on the effective functioning of the immune system

3. How does transcription and RNA processing in eukaryotes differ from the same processes in prokaryotes?

Before sitting down you ate a bunch of sugar cookies and drank a soda (not diet!). Explain the effect of this meal on liver glycogen metabolism. Make sure to include relevant hormones and enzymes.

Discuss the major features of acquired immunity and innate immunity (2×10 marks)

2. Draw a eukaryotic gene with 5 exons, indicating all sequences needed for transcription, RNA processing and translation. Draw the same gene as an mRNA, post processing, indicating all regions that function for stability and translation.

A woman with “hitch-hiker’s thumb” marries a man who lacks this trait (but whose mother had it). What is the probability that a child born to this couple will have a hitch-hiker’s thumb?

Discuss the following in details:

ATP Synthase. Start from the production of malonyl CoA in the cytosol and end with the product of butyrylCoA.

42.

What role do growth factors have in cancer?

Select one:

They bind to E2F, skipping the G1 checkpoint

They result in too many cyclins, affecting Rb and E2F

They bind to Cdk, skipping the G1 checkpoint

They make cells grow faster

They bind to Cdk, resulting in the S phase proceeding

43.

With respect what can cause cells to become cancerous, what is the significance of adding a phosphate (P) to the molecule Rb?

Select one:

it causes the release of growth factors

it deactivates E2F, stopping the cell cycle

it releases E2F resulting in cells producing more growth factors

it releases E2F resulting in cells replicating chromosomes and eventually dividing

it causes the binding of cyclins to Cdk

44.

Individuals that are carriers of the Cystic Fibrosis allele ____________:

Select one:

must always have children with the disease

have no chance of having children with the disease

have a heterozygous genotype

have the disease

have a homozygous genotype

46.

A cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) is ________.

Select one:

a growth factor in cells

a molecule that binds to cyclins in the cell cycle checkpoints

used to substitute for E2F in cancer cells

part of the chiasmata in meiosis

used in mitosis to move the chromosomes

Which of the statements about plant cell walls is true? Select all that apply.

The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, formed while the cells are still growing.

In the late stages of cell division, the middle lamella is the first cell wall layer to be formed, serving to attach the daughter cells to each other.

The secondary cell wall contains complex components such as lignin that are rigid.

The cell wall has three layers: the middle lamella, the primary cell wall, and the secondary cell wall.

Like the extracellular matrix formed by animal cells, the cell wall polymers are formed in the cytoplasm and secreted to the outside of the cell.

2 multiple choice Questions

1. Which of the following best describes the concept of enhancer modularity?

    a.  
Multiple genes to a genome

    b.  
None of the other options

    c.  
Multiple transcription factors bind to an enhancer

    d.  
Multiple enhancers for a gene

2. is it true or false Mesenchymal stem cells generally have a greater range of potential cell types than other adult stem cells.

Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

Select one:

Chromosome replication

Formation of Chiasmata

Production of daughter cells

Attachment of chromosomes to the kinetochore microtubule

Alignment of chromosomes at the equator

5.

X (sex)-linked inheritance for conditions like hemophilia is unique because:

Select one:

there are multiple alleles involved

the Y chromosome has few genes

the female parent always carries the dominant allele

both parents are always carriers

the alleles for the disorder are quantitative

6.

In a diploid organism which is the true statement?

Select one:

mitosis is used to make new cells genetically identical, while meiosis is used for asexual reproduction

both mitosis and meiosis mixed up the genetic material and are used in asexual reproduction

both mitosis and meiosis mixed up the genetic material and are used in sexual reproduction

mitosis is used to make genetically different cells, while meiosis is used for making genetically identical cells

mitosis is used to make new cells genetically identical, while meiosis is used for sexual reproduction

A 34-year-old female reports to the emergency room in Boston, Massachusetts complaining of severe watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps and nausea. She had not eaten anything since the previous evening, when she and some friends met for happy hour at the local seafood restaurant. The emergency room physician noted that several other patients who had eaten at that restaurant had also come in to the hospital in the last few hours, complaining of similar symptoms. MacConkey plates showed a non-fermenting organism, and a gram stain showed a curved, gram-negative organism.

What is the most likely organism causing this woman’s infection?

What laboratory testing should be performed to confirm this diagnosis, and what are the expected results? Include any special media as well as routine biochemical testing.

What is the best treatment for this patient? What is the typical pattern of susceptibility for this organism?

What are the public health concerns related to this case – what will the state’s health department do to investigate this situation?