Which do you suppose is likely to contain more G-C pairings in the genome versus more A-T pairings. A) An organism living in your throat (37 C) B) An organsim living in hot springs (55 C) Choose one and explain why.

Essay 2) Discuss the five mass-extinctions we examined in class. Be sure to highlight the impacts of each as thoroughly as possible. Also discuss the impact of extinctions in general, and how they may facilitate evolutionary processes like speciation (50 pts.)

1. Please describe negative control in terms of transcriptional regulation of gene expression?
2. Please explain the regulation of Trp operon when Trp-tRNA is available in the cell?
3. What are the classes of Transcription factors based on their regulatory responsibilities? Please explain if this distinction is absolute or not?
4. Please explain the mitochondrial protein synthesis by indicating the mitochondrial protein synthesis apparatus, the mitochondrial genetic code and so on?

5. Please explain the two hybrid assay?
5. Please explain the two hybrid assay?

What is a typical water potential in soil? In xylem? In leaves? In air? Your answers should be in MPa units. (Hint: See figure in your textbook or research online.)

Thoroughly explain the concept of dose-response and its relevance to toxicology. What is the major difference between the dose-response relationship for non-cancer causing toxic chemicals (Threshold model) and the dose response relationship for cancer causing toxic chemicals (Linear model). Why does this difference exist? List the criteria of causality and apply them to an occupational disease discussed in the course.

Please list the term that matches the description.

1. Staphylococcus aureus secretes this protein which punches holes in red blood cells. _______

2. Means “Living together”. _______

3. Degree of pathogenicity. _______

4. Hospital acquired infections that arise from a patient’s normal microbes in a health care setting.  _______

5. Lipopolysaccharide of Gram negative bacteria. _______

6. When both symbionts benefit from their interaction. _______

7. A second stage of infection disease, which is short with generalized mild symptoms. _______

8. Formerly called nosocomial infections. _______

9. Another word for disease. _______

10. A symbiont that benefits without significantly affecting the other. _______

One of major problems is neuron cell dead and you are interested in neurodegenerative diseases. You are discovered molecule involved in cell survival. Could you please desing your experiments to answer below questions? a)how do you test this molecule protect neuron cell dead? b)if this molecule protect neuron cell dead, how do you test which molecule involved in neuron cell survive? c)how do show this molecule involved neuroprotection in vivo?

The codon in the DNA coding strand has the following sequence: 5' - TAC -3' Which of the following codons (result of a mutation) represents a non-sense mutation?

Select one:

a. TAA

b. TAT

c. TTC

d. TCC

Topic: Recent molecular biology advance in tumor diagnosis (write a review on it more than 2000 words) Please answer the question only if you can observe the minimum limit of 2000 words. Thank you

How can mutation cause disease? What is an example of it?

What were the major obstacles for the first plants on land?

Name 3 benefits for the first plants on land.

Review one new technology in molecular biology and its applications or its advance (more than 2000 words) .Please answer the question only if you can observe the minimum limit of 2000 words. Thank you

What are the most common mechanisms of sympatric speciation and in which major group of organisms does this happen most often? Distinguish between sympatric and allopatric and parapatric speciation. Which is considered the (far) more common mechanism of species formation? What does "gene flow" between populations do?