write 800 words essay about the different amino acid groups as essential and nonessential. the paper should include their source as well as why it is important to our body.

One of the potential problems with supplementing endangered wild populations with captive bred individuals is that captive bred organisms often have reduced fitness compared to their wild counterparts. Reasons for this are varied, but work suggests it is a combination of reduced genetic variation in captive bred populations (small population sizes and assortative mating leading to reduced genetic variation) as well as reduced fitness due to individuals adapting to a captive environment as opposed to a wild environment. Fundy Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are an endangered salmon species whose numbers have declined to a point that scientists started to supplement their wild numbers with captive bred individuals. The question you will answer here is: is supplementing wild salmon populations with captive-bred individuals beneficial if the captive bred individuals have lower fitness than the wild population?

The average number of eggs laid by females in the wild population is about 2,500/female. The captive bred individuals typically exhibit about 30% lower fecundity than wild individuals (some estimates are up to 40% lower, but we will use 30% for purposes of this assignment).

1. If the heritability of fecundity is 0.1, what do you predict the fecundity of the new population will be (assume you add just as many new individuals as were already in the wild population)? (2 points)

2. Now consider if the heritability of fecundity was higher, let’s say 0.3 Now what do you predict the fecundity of the new population will be (using all the original numbers, not after one generation of selection)? (2 points)

3. If fecundity exhibits high heritability, what do you predict will happen to population numbers in this population over time if captive bred individuals are added every year (2 point)?

Name three economic benefits of good animal welfare.

Summarize this:

Biological, Chemical, & Other Non-Nuclear Threats

Biological, chemical and other non-nuclear threats, such as cyber and drone attacks, constitute a class of weapons that may not cause as much mass physical destruction as nuclear weapons can, but can result in significant mass effects on, and/or mass disruptions to, a targeted populace. Weapons experts still debate whether these non-nuclear weapons can truly be considered weapons of mass destruction; however, certain types of biological weapons, such as weaponized smallpox or anthrax, could in principle harm millions of people depending on the scenario and the extent of the population’s exposure to the biological weapons. Chemical weapons under almost all circumstances would not result in massive harm to millions of people. Nonetheless, from a cost perspective, chemical weapons and even biological weapons are considerably less expensive than nuclear weapons. Still, chemical and biological weapons could have similar deterrent effects as nuclear weapons. Thus, from the viewpoint of many nation-states, chemical and biological weapons are so-called poor man’s nuclear weapons.

The Challenges of Reducing and Detecting These Threats

Addressing these threats is difficult because the weapons can be manufactured in ways that use civilian technology and materials. Furthermore, manufacturing them does not typically require large observable infrastructures to be established, thus making it hard to detect their production. While chemical and biological weapons are banned internationally via the Chemical Weapons Convention and Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention with the vast majority of nations as adherents, the world has witnessed that certain states, for example, Syria still have chemical weapons as well as suspected biological weapons. As of late 2013 through early 2014, the Syrian government has promised to dismantle its chemical weapons program.

FAS has had a long history in bringing leading chemical and biological experts to analyze these threats, educate policymakers and the public, and make recommendations to reduce the risks. For instance, FAS in recent years has created the Virtual Biosecurity Center (VBC) to provide a platform for education. FAS has also convened legal, scientific, and political experts in workshops such as a January 2014 workshop on bio-forensics to examine state-level options for response to biological threats or attacks. FAS seeks to further this work in chemical weapons assessments, as well. In particular, FAS has had expert analysis during the early phases of the chemical weapons crisis in Syria.

Other Non-Nuclear Threats

Weapons technologies other than nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons will most likely increasingly pose challenges for international security. For example, the increasing use of drones for both surveillance and armed attacks by the United States and a growing number of additional countries might lead to global and regional arms races in drone use or might result in asymmetric means of targeted opponents striking back. In addition, cyber-attacks as demonstrated by the use of Stuxnet to destroy and disable about 1,000 uranium enrichment centrifuges in Iran have raised concern about counter-cyber-attacks against the United States and its allies. Also in this threat area, we at FAS will investigate the use of prompt global strike advanced conventional weapons to achieve strategic purposes or to target terrorists and other non-state actors. FAS is expanding its network of experts to assess these and other non-nuclear threats can are present or could emerge in the future.

Topic: Tuberculosis ( (write a review on it more than 1500 words)

The parents of a 4 year old female check her into the emergency room after they found her in her room in a stupor. She could not answer the basic questions they asked. The parents are worried she may have overdosed. They noticed there were lots of water bottles and candy wrappers in her room. Although she eats and sleeps all of the time, she never gains weight and is always tired. She urinates a lot.

determine which part of the endocrine system could be experiencing problems. List some other info that could confirm or rule out your initial diagnosis (test you might be able to run on patient). Explain your reasoning.

4. After a shipwreck, Sam and Georgie wash up on the shore of a deserted island. Upon their arrival, they both weigh the same amount, but Sam is taller than average and very athletic, while Georgie is shorter than average and considered a little overweight. They quickly find a spring with plenty of fresh water, and sit down to assess their situation. Explain the consequences of each of the following three possible situations in which they may find themselves (A, B, and C) by answering the questions below.

. Situation A: They find absolutely no food on the island. What would occur metabolically in Sam and Georgie during their first day? How will their metabolic processes change as the length of their starvation increases? Based on the information provided, briefly explain which of the two castaways you would expect to be able to survive the longest without food.

Situation B: They find a steady supply of starchy tubers and small crabs. Over time, they both begin to develop skin lesions and a couple of Georgie’s teeth fall out. Give a possible explanation for the appearance of these symptoms

Situation C: They find a large supply of wild grain, but little else. Not long after, they begin to feel weak and tired. Both of their bellies begin to swell up and protrude (edema). Give a possible explanation for the appearance of these symptoms. (Hint: what is missing from their diet, and how is normal blood osmolarity primarily maintained? Why would water be retained in tissues, rather than moved into the blood and thus out via the urinary system?)

How could the current and expanding knowledge of PGP bacteria, be exploited to set up ‘designer’ microbiomes to enhance plant growth and productivity? Name one challenge to setting up such a system?

a. Draw the reaction that takes place when a disulfide bond is formed. What conditions are required for this to occur? What is the major role of disulfide bonds? What kinds of proteins normally have disulfide bonds? Where do you expect to find ribonuclease, the enzyme used in Anfinsen’s famous experiment?

b. Ohm loops are also considered secondary structure. How does their structure differ from other secondary elements? What function do these loops serve? Where are loops typically found on proteins?

c. The fatty acid binding protein and bacterial porin exist in completely different environments, one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic, and also transport molecules with the opposite properties. Describe the structural features these proteins have in common and how this structure can serve these two opposing roles.

How do eukaryotes use chromatin remodeling to regulate transcription? Why have some cancers been shown to be associated with mutations in genes involved in chromatin remodeling?

Choose a living organism, and explain how it illustrates each of the characteristics of life.

Research and describe an organism or cell in which all 8 characteristics are not obvious. For example, coral looks like it does not move, red blood cells do not reproduce and have no DNA, frogs freeze in the winter and it therefore seems as if they do not maintain homeostasis, and so on.

Describe the missing feature, and explain how this organism still meets the criteria of a living thing.

Compare a living thing with a nonliving thing of your choice that has some of the characteristics that define life. For example, a car exhibits metabolism (burning gas and producing heat), a characteristic of life, but is not alive because it cannot reproduce.

Compare and contrast the following pairs based on the 8 characteristics that define life:

A rock and a snail

A lamp and a tree

Discuss some of the characteristics that fire shares with living things (it can grow, it metabolizes, and so on).

Which of the following types of inheritance involve epigenetic modifications?

Choose All That Apply (pts deducted for including incorrect answers)

You are assigned the task of determining the bacterial density of newly-grown culture. You decide that you will analyze the sample with two methods, spectrophotometry and dilution plating. Your results show the sample tested using spectrophotometry had a bacteria density that was roughly ten folds that of the plated sample. Please explain in detail.

COLLAPSE

You receive an specimen in the lab from a patient with an infected throat. Chronicle the steps you would take to identify the bacteria present, starting with what stains, culture media, selective and differential. you would use and why?

what do you think distinguishes our present understanding of epigenetics from Larmarck's, now debunked, theory referred to as the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Theory? How, in contrast, might our understandings of the epigenome actually give support to some elements of Lamarckism? What role does epigenetics play in the operation of Natural Selection?