Membrane carbohydrates:
What process results in glycolipids being located exclusively in the non-cytosolic monolayer of membranes?
In plasma membranes, what process results in the oligosaccharide residues of glycoproteins always found extending into the extracellular space?
What are some of the functions of the glycocalyx?
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Can someone please tell me the negative aspects of dunaliella salinasure (microbiology) in lamens terms please , please also provide as much detail as possible I will rate thank you
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In a wet mount each of the following complications put false positives, false neg, no effect 1: over inoculate of the slide with organism for motile org, nonmotile org, 2. Cells attaching to the glass slide or cover glass more motile, nonmotile. 3. Receding water line motile organism, nonmotile, 4. Using an old culture motile, nonmotile
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4. Identify two meiotic events that promote genetic variability.
5. If a cell has a diploid number of 4, then how many genetically different combinations can result from independent assortment alone?
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Why are biological membranes so important in biology? Describe the composition and structure of the cellular membrane according to the fluid mosaic model. Account for the presence of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. What is it about the physical structure of biological membranes that makes it selectively permeable? What role does entropy play in the self-assembly of bilayers?
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Compare and contrast the two conditions, diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia. Include what is happening at the cellular level in both conditions, and the short-term and long-term effects on the body.?
Briefly describe the history of the medical methods used for managing diabetes mellitus.?
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5.a) Describe the parts of the body of a tapeworm.
5.b) Tapeworms are hermaphroditic. What is the meaning of this term?
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Prompt: Here are two depictions of human evolution. A very common artistic representation and a phylogenetic representation. How are the two different and how does a phylogenetic approach more accurately reflect human evolution?
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_evolution.svg
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evograms/hominid_evo.jpg
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5. Describe the excretory (osmoregulatory) system found in the members of Phylum Platyhelminthes. Explain the structure and function of flame cells.
6. Name the four classes found in Phylum Platyhelminthes. What group of animals does each include? 7. What sense organs are found on the head of Planaria? What are their functions?
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Chapter 7: Releasing Chemical Energy
o How does the textbook first define cellular respiration? What does this process make for a cell? What does it make it with?
o Explain figure 7.2 – Substrates and products link photosynthesis with aerobic respiration. Explain how photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are natural partners in life.
o What is the fundamental difference in anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration?
o What is fermentation? Is this aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
o Is a mitochondrion required in all organisms (aerobic and anaerobic respiration)
o When you exhale, you exhale CO2 gas, and breathing is medically referred to as respiration. Can you draw a link between a human exhaling CO2 gas in a process called respiration, and the process called aerobic respiration that you are learning about?
o Memorize the summary equation for aerobic respiration
o What are the names of the three steps of aerobic respiration
o What goes into each one….just the beginning.
o What comes out of each one…what is being produced that is needed
o Where do each of the three steps occur inside a cell?
o What is the alternate name of the citric acid cycle?
o In the Citric Acid Cycle, NADH and FADH2 are produced. What do these NADH and FADH2 molecules provide to step 3 that is important?
o How many ATP are produced from each step of aerobic respiration?
o Low carb diets often remove the sugar from the body that cells need in order to perform aerobic respiration. Yet, if aerobic respiration stopped, the organism would die. Explain how lipids and proteins can feed into the aerobic respiration pathways in the absence of carbohydrates (sugars)
o Critical thinking: Appreciate and understand that one of the most important reasons why you have evolved a heart, blood vessels, lungs, blood itself, red blood cells, and hemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, is simply to provide the cell,
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specifically the mitochondrion, with all of the resources it needs to make ATP.
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These transporters are temporarily phosphorylated during transport.
Select one:
a. P-type ATPases
b. more than one of these answers is correct
c. ABC transporters
d. F-type ATPases
e. V-type ATPases
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Protein:
(1) What are proteins, from a biochemical perspective? Discuss in detail, and in terms of what is presented in this course’s lessons and materials.
(2) What functional groups and structural characteristics are involved, and what chemical and physical properties does this lead them to possess?
(3) What are the major functions of proteins in the body?
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Chapter 5: Ground Rules of Metabolism
* Section 5.1 – Life Runs on Energy
o Describe what energy is (definition). Explain how this definition applies to life. Use a cell as an example. Use an entire organism as an example.
o What are the first and second law’s of thermodynamics? What does each one mean for life, from the perspective of a cell?
o Compare kinetic versus potential energy. How does life obtain potential energy?
* Section 5.2 – Energy in the Molecules of Life
o Interpret a chemical formula (just identify which are products, which are reactants)
o Explain activation energy. After defining it, explain what life does to deal with activation energy (hint: think enzymes)
* Section 5.3 – How Enzymes Work
o What is an enzyme? First, which macromolecule is it? Then, what does an enzyme do?
o How does an enzyme accomplish its job? (Read about induced fit model)
o What is a substrate?
* Section 5.4 – Metabolic Pathways
o Describe allosteric regulation
o Describe feedback inhibition
o What is an electron transfer chain?
* Section 5.5 – Cofactors and Coenzymes
o Define cofactor and coenzyme. What is the difference in the two?
o What does ATP stand for? Explain what about ATP gives it lots of energy.
o Explain what ADP is and how it is related to ATP
* Section 5.6 – Diffusion and Membranes
o Describe what diffusion is. Give an example
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o Explain the factors that can affect the speed (rate) of diffusion. Most importantly, HOW do each of these factors cause a change in the rate of diffusion?
o Describe what osmosis is. How does this compare to diffusion?
* Hint – in osmosis, water will move across a membrane to dilute the concentrated side, since the solute cannot always move on its own by diffusion
o Define the terms hypotonic and hypertonic. If I were to give you the salt concentration, for example, inside a cell versus outside a cell, be able to state whether the solution outside the cell is hypotonic or hypertonic to the cell. Also, what is isotonic?
o Explain turgor, and how this term applies to wilting (think of how a cut flower will wilt out of water)
o Critical thinking regarding turgor and osmosis – think of a leftover salad. You have salad dressing on the salad, which is typically salty and concentrated so that it is flavorful. Can you link osmosis and turgor to the fact that salads do not stay fresh very long after they are dressed?
* Section 5.7 – Membrane Transport Mechanisms
o Compare passive transport versus active transport in a simple definition of the two.
* What is the cellular form of energy that active transport requires?
* How are membrane proteins important for active and passive transport?
* Section 5.8 – Membrane Trafficking
o Define phagocytosis. What sorts of molecules might a cell ingest, and why would the want to ingest such things?
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Describe the major structural differences between the Arachnida, Crustacea, Myriapoda and Insecta. Use diagrams if this assists you to answer the question.
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In stressful conditions, a cell wants to limit expression of Protein X. List all the ways that this can occur.
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