Question

In stressful conditions, a cell wants to limit expression of Protein X. List all the ways that this can occur.

Answer 1

Cells are composed of various cell organells like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulam,ribosomes, golgi apparatus, lysosomes etc. Ribosomes are tiny granules that is composed of RNA and protein. They synthesise proteins from amino acids, using RNA as the template. If the cell is undergoing a stress condition then the production of proteins will waste energy and also if the proteins are damaged it will be oxuc to the cell itself. If the cell is undergoing stressful conditions there are various mechanisms that the cell must control the production proteins.

• One of the method used by the cells is by altering the tRNA abudance. The mRNAs coded by proteins needed in times of stress prefer a different set of codons. This is correlated to changes produced by the abudance of different tRNA. Thus by regulating the abundance of different tRNA the cell will reduce the protein synthesis and thus it will adapt to the new enviromnment.
• The other way is to pause the elongation process. Elongation is the subsequent phase in the protein synthesis process, where proteins are made in a long chain of amino acids. So during stress conditions the ribosomes pause the elongation process by the step called early elongation process, which means they will build new peptides but they were still less than 50 amino acid long.