Can anyone explain in laymen's term? Also, point out key information to put in my introduction/background information slide in bullet points

The gut microbiome consists of a multi-kingdom microbial community. Whilst the role of bacteria as causal contributors governing host physiological development is well established, the role of fungi remains to be determined. Here, we use germ-free mice colonized with defined species of bacteria, fungi, or both to differentiate the causal role of fungi on microbiome assembly, immune development, susceptibility to colitis, and airway inflammation. Fungal colonization promotes major shifts in bacterial microbiome ecology, and has an independent effect on innate and adaptive immune development in young mice. While exclusive fungal colonization is insufficient to elicit overt dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, bacterial and fungal co-colonization increase colonic inflammation. Ovalbumininduced airway inflammation reveals that bacterial, but not fungal colonization is necessary to decrease airway inflammation, yet fungi selectively promotes macrophage infiltration in the airway. Together, our findings demonstrate a causal role for fungi in microbial ecology and host immune functionality, and therefore prompt the inclusion of fungi in therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating early life microbiomes

Write a 700-800 word APA format essay showing the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. List their features and functions.

Are there some examples that can state that how phage may evade the host's restriction system?

Starch hydrolysis What result would you expect if glucose had been added to the starch agar medium and then inoculated with B. megaterium or B. subtilis? Explain.

which of the following statement is false?

a. Earlier homo erectus populations had a small cranial capacity than later population.

b. homo erectus did not develop tools

c. homo erectus appears to have been less encephalized than homo sapiens

d. homo erectus was most likely the first hominid to live outside of africa

e. thick cranial and postcranial bones characterize most homo erectus specimens.

21. Neandertal brain size:

a. was smaller, on average , than that of modern humans

b. was larger, on average , than that of modern humans

c.average about 2500 cm3

d. was smaller, on average , than that of homo erectus

e. average about 975 cm3

Which molecule(s) provide high energy electrons to the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

For every molecule of pyruvate oxidized in aerobic cellular respiration ____________ is(are) produced.

Match the structural lipid with its general function. Choose the best answer. acts as a second messenger in signaling transduction is the most abundant membrane lipid has a role in blood clotting cascade defines microdomains within the plasma membrane is the most abundant lipid within brain tissue aids in budding and fusion of vesicles A. PI: phosphatidylinositol B. PC: phosphatidylcholine C. PS: phosphatidylserine D. Chol: cholesterol E. SM: sphingomyelin F. PE: phosphatidylethanolamine

Think about homologous chromosomes.

What is the same about them? _____________

What is potentially different? ______________

Group of answer choices

alleles ; characters

genes ; alleles

traits ; genes

characters ; traits

1. Determining Inheritance using Punnett Squares

The condition of sickle cell anemia is recessive and only the homozygous recessive individuals are adversely affected. Interestingly, heterozygous individuals have increased resistance to Malaria which is caused by a Plasmodium parasite that infects red blood cells. A heterozygous individual has red blood cells that are minimally affected but are altered enough so that Plasmodium cannot infect the cells. This is one reason why this allele persists in the population – in the heterozygous state it gives the individual an advantage for survival in some environments.

Veronica, who has the sickle cell condition, and Mason who does not have the condition have a child. They are worried about the having a child with sickle cell anemia and malaria because they are moving to a part of Africa where the Plasmodium is common. Who in this family should be worried about sickle cell anemia and contracting malaria?

It is well-known and documented that numerous bacteria have acquired resistance to penicillins by acquiring the gene for beta -lactamase. What has been discovered is that some of these bacteria have developed this resistance without acquiring this gene. Explain at least two mechanisms of which this is possible and how do these bacteria escape the metabolic effects of penicillin?

You have discovered a new virus that contains only RNA as its genetic material. Curious as to how this virus works, you infect host cells with this virus and discover that after infection, the host cell makes lots of viral RNA molecules and various viral proteins. Upon further examination, you discover that the viral genome has been inserted into the host genome as DNA.

These are the steps of the information flow for this virus. Each arrow represents a process that is carried out by an enzyme.

RNA viral genome --> DNA --> RNA --> protein
Considering an actively-dividing, normal cell that carries the viral genome, indicate

whether the following statements are true or false for the virus discussed above.

You do NOT need to give reasoning or justification for your answer. Just answer true or false in your answer booklet.

Answer A, B, C, and D

A) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is used at some point during the viral life cycle to copy the viral genome. (1.5 marks)

B) The polymerase used by the virus to copy its genome forms a covalent bond between a 5? phosphate and a 3? hydroxyl. (1.5 marks)

C) During copying of the viral genome, polymerization would proceed in the 3? --> 5?direction. (1.5 marks)

D) Deoxyribonucleotides would be incorporated into the viral genome that is inserted into the host chromosome.

Choose from the following list of words to complete the paragraph below. Not all terms will be used, and none of them can be used more than once.

positive     intermediate     free   negative   substrate   product   activation   thermal

An enzyme reduces the_____________ energy of a reaction, causing it to occur more frequently at a given temperature than it would otherwise. This does not alter the________ energy of the reactants or products. If the ΔG of a reaction is____________ , the reaction is spontaneous. Reactions that have a common____________ and are part of the same pathway are energetically coupled since the  ΔG for the pathway is the sum of the  ΔGs of the individual reactions.

In an interrupted mating experiment with the a⁺b⁺c⁺ donor, the a^-b^-c^- recipient becomes a⁺ after 10 min, b⁺ after 5 min, and c⁺ after 12 min. What is the order of the genes?

Group of answer choices

abc

bac

bca

Suppose you have discovered a new species on Mars whose genome consists of normal double-stranded DNA. After isolating the DNA, you find that adenine makes up 20% of the bases in its DNA. What is the percentage of guanine bases in its DNA?

Group of answer choices

10%

20%

30%

60%

One of the DNA strands in a double-stranded DNA molecule has the sequence 5’-ACCTGCTACGG-3’. What is the sequence of the complementary DNA strand?

Group of answer choices

5’-TGGACGATGCC-3’

3’-CCGTAGCAGGT-5’

5’-CCGTAGCAGGT-3’

3'-ACCTGCTACGG-5’

1. Outline two experimental methods to test the hypothesis that marijuana alters a) gene expression and b) protein expression in mice brains. Explain also how you will know the specific identity of the genes and proteins that are altered. You will need to search the literature for biochemical techniques that would be appropriate.
2. Assume you find a gene that is upregulated in mice brains in response to marijuana. How would you determine exactly where in the mouse brain this gene is expressed and to what extent? In addition, how would you determine the subcellular localization of the protein corresponding to this gene? Briefly, outline five experiments to address these questions. You will need to search the literature for biochemical techniques that would be appropriate.