• the differences between water soluble and lipid soluble hormones – if they can pass through the plasma membrane, where they bind to receptors and how each type triggers a cellular response
• the difference between an animal that is a regulator versus a conformer
• the difference between animals that are endothermic versus ectothermic and examples of each

• Define the following terms: anatomy, physiology, hormone, oxytocin, epinephrine, homeostasis, thermoregulation
• Names, main components and main functions of the 11 organ systems of mammals
• Two major systems that coordinate and control responses to stimuli, and the differences in how each of these organ systems function
• an example of a simple endocrine pathway

Q2 The internet is full of articles and studies either praising or condemning the use GMO products. After your reading of the case, take a look at a few articles on both sides of the argument. What is your position, are you for or against GMOs? Use bullet points and develop a list of pros and cons to support your position. Attach to your response a copy of the most influential article you found that supports your conclusion.

Describe the details of the regulation of the citric acid cycle, including the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

What factor influences the color of a melanocyte (and thus the color of your skin)

Surrounding cells metabolic rate

Location in the skin

Length of dendrites on the melanocyte

The primary cause of cancer is...

Mutation of DNA

None of the answers are correct

Microbial infection

1)Jack has freckles, which are a recessive trait. His wife Kelli doesn't have freckles. What % of their children might develop freckles if Kelli is a heterozygote?

2)English Bulldogs often have extra teeth and underbites. The extra teeth are a recessive trait and the underbite is dominant. If you're considering adopting a bulldog with the genotype BbTt use the key below to determine what the dog will look like.

*KEY:  "B" = underbite and  "T" = teeth*

a)the dog will have an underbite but NO extra teeth

b)the dog will have BOTH an underbite and extra teeth

c)the dog will have extra teeth but NO underbite

d)the dog will have neither an underbite, nor extra teeth

3)A farmer has 100 acres of land on which he grows a drought resistant, true -breeding variety of corn. At the end of the growing season he collects and keeps enough seed to replant the following year. What percentage of his crop will be drought resistant the following year?

4)Rebecca is a single mother and knows that the father of her child is one of 2 men that she has a sexual history with. Now that her son is approaching age 5 and wants to know his father she is pursuing genetic testing. Her son was born with poor vision due to a genetic condition known to be recessive. Rebecca's vision is very good/normal. Which of the following genotypes might belong to the father?

*you need to construct Punnett Squares to determine the answer

KEY: use letter A to represent vision

Group of answer choices

a)aa only

b)Aa or aa

c)Aa only

d)AA or aa

list and explain four steps for MS-DRG

Answer BOTH parts of this question:
a) There are many wine yeasts and each has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Briefly describe TWO (2) ways in which wine yeasts might be genetically modified, by whichever approach, to improve their performance in wine fermentations.

b) There are many approaches that can be used to improve the characteristics of a wine yeast. Discuss ONE (1) NON-genetic engineering approach that might be used to create a novel yeast strain and compare the advantages and disadvantages of this approach to genetic engineering approaches to the same problem.

Question 1.

Describe in detail how a protein-encoding gene in a eukaryote is transcribed as mRNA, and what events happen to the mRNA before it can be translated into a protein.

Question 2.

You want to investigate the effect of a probiotic on your gut microbiome- the population of bacteria living in your digestive tract. You collect faecal samples prior to and after consumption of the probiotic. Describe in detail how you would sequence the metagenome of the bacteria in these faecal samples and what bioinformatic analyses you would undertake.

The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the

Multiple Choice

• rectum.

• stomach.

• esophagus.

• large intestine.

• small intestine.

How does Kohler Illumination affect resolution – be specific in your answer?

(hint: do NOT simply describe how to do Kohler Illumination, remember what Kohler illumination does for your ability to resolve your specimen).

In an imaginary pathway the intermediate E is a substrate of both enzyme 1 and enzyme 2, creating products F and G respectively. Intermediate E is present at 1.2 mM and the Km values for this substrate for enzymes 1 and 2 are 0.2 mM and 3 mM respectively.

Question: What would the effect of an increase in the concentration of E have on the relative populations of the products F and G?

1. Only the population of G would increase as enzyme 1 is already working a maximum.
2. Both F and G would increase to equal amounts of each product.
3. Both F and G would increase but the amount of F would be greater than G
4. You cannot predict the relative populations of F and G from the information given.

Why is hyostylic jaw suspension NOT adaptive for tetrapods living on land?