7. The food we eat provides nutrition. However, some foods provide more than just essential nutrition. They have something that could provide additional health benefits and prevent certain chronic diseases. We call these food functional foods. a. Composition-wise, what makes food functional food? Give an example. (2 points) b. Both probiotic yogurt and regular yogurt have beneficial bacteria, but probiotic yogurt is believed to be healthier. Please explain why, with appropriate reasons. (3 points) c. Considering functional food, what is meant by bioavailability? Why is it important? (2 points) d. Tomatoes are rich in lycopene, which is one of the most potent antioxidants and have many health benefits. However, the bioavailability of lycopene is significantly higher from tomato paste compared to whole tomatoes. Explain why. (3 points)

Outline the evolution of the human lineage between 8 and 2 Mya.

6. You wanted to buy lettuce for your salad. In the grocery store, you found a head of lettuce in the fresh vegetable section. You also found a sealed bag of pre-packaged refrigerated lettuce. Answer the following questions based on these two types of lettuces. a. In their original condition (unopened package in refrigerated condition vs fresh head of lettuce in ambient condition), which one would deteriorate faster? Explain your answer. (2 points) b. How the gas composition of the sealed bag of pre-packaged refrigerated lettuce is modified? Explain the advantage and disadvantages of such packaging. (4 points) c. You bought the fresh head of lettuce and kept it in the refrigerator for storage. However, due to lack of space, you put it in the fruit tray with some fruits. Is this a good idea? Why or why not? (2 points) d. Over a period of time in the refrigerator you noticed wilting of the lettuce. What could be the reason? (2 points)

There are 11 gene transcripts for the SRC gene. Which cell types and tissues produce these transcripts?

NTFP strategy which may include:

• What does the strategy involve, or what is required
• Local markets or demand
• Outline reasoning and justifications for the strategy
• Outline potential costs and profits (to the best of your ability)
• Highlight any limitations, assumptions, or uncertainties of your research

1. If a microscope has a resolving power of 2um (micrometers) it means:

   1. a) Objects less than 2 um in size cannot be seen, are invisible.

   2. b) Objects further than 2 um apart look like one object.

   3. c) Objects closer than 2 um apart, look like one object.

   4. d) Objects greater than 2 um in size cannot be seen, are invisible.

2. Which of the following is not associated with a prokaryotic cell?

   1. a) Cell wall.

   2. b) Cell membrane.

   3. c) Nucleus.

   4. d) Ribosome.

   5. e) Photosynthetic membranes.

3. Which structure makes proteins in a prokaryotic cell?

   1. a) Pili.

   2. b) Flagella.

   3. c) Capsule.

   4. d) Nucleoid.

   5. e) Ribosomes.

4. Which structure is “slimy” in texture and may protect a prokaryotic cell from destruction by our immune system?

   1. a) Pili.

   2. b) Flagella.

   3. c) Capsule.

   4. d) Nucleoid.

   5. e) Mark e if none are correct.

5. Which statement is not true of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls?

   1. a) They are both composed primarily of the carbohydrate cellulose.

   2. b) They are both external to the cell membrane.

   3. c) Both are highly permeable to molecules, and not selectively permeable like the plasma

      membrane.

   4. d) Some bacterial cell walls are toxic, whereas plant cell walls are not.

6. Which structure attaches the prokaryotic cell to other cells or surfaces?

   1. a) Pili.

   2. b) Flagella.

   3. c) Capsule.

   4. d) Nucleoid.

7. Which structure is composed of the highly condensed, circular, prokaryotic chromosome?

   1. a) Pili.

   2. b) Flagella.

   3. c) Capsule.

   4. d) Nucleoid.

8. Which statement is not true of prokaryotes?

   1. a) They are less complex than eukaryotic cells.

   2. b) They lack a true nucleus.

   3. c) In addition to the chromosome they often have additional loops of DNA called plasmids.

   4. d) Photosynthetic bacteria may have sheets of internal plasma membranes.

   5. e) They tend to be as large as eukaryotic cells, 100um is a typical size.

9. What structure must be present for a cell to be considered a eukaryote? a) Cell wall.

   b) Cell membrane.
   c) Nucleus.
   d) Ribosome.
   e) Photosynthetic membranes

10. If a cell is metabolically very active, requiring it to process and use a great deal of energy, which organelle would be abundant in the cytoplasm?

    1. a) Nuclei.

    2. b) Nucleoli.

    3. c) Mitochondria.

    4. d) Lysosomes.

    5. e) Endoplasmic reticulum.

11. Which statement is not true?

    1. a) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes make proteins.

    2. b) Prokaryotic ribosomes are larger than eukaryotic ribosomes.

    3. c) Eukaryotic ribosomes may be embedded in plasma membranes called rough endoplasmic

       reticulum.

    4. d) Mark d if all statements are true.

12. Which of the following is not found within the nuclear envelope?

    1. a) Chromosomes.

    2. b) DNA.

    3. c) Nucleoli.

    4. d) Mitochondria.

    5. e) Nucleoplasm.

13. Which statement is not true of the cytoskeleton?

    1. a) It can lend shape to an animal cell.

    2. b) It is a stiff, rigid structure, like the bone in our own skeleton.

    3. c) The cytoskeleton loosely anchors some organelles within a cell.

    4. d) Fibers of the cytoskeleton act as a “highway” along which small vesicles move from one part of

       cell to another.

14. Which of the following lacks a double plasma membrane, i.e. two separate bilipid membranes?

    1. a) Nuclear envelope.

    2. b) Cell membrane.

    3. c) Mitochondria.

    4. d) Chloroplast.

    5. e) Mark e if none of these has a double plasma membrane.

15. Which of the following is not found inside the cell membrane?

    1. a) Nucleus.

    2. b) Flagella.

    3. c) Golgi apparatus.

    4. d) Vacuoles.

    5. e) Cell wall.

16. Where would one not encounter ribosomes in a cell?

    1. a) Embedded in the plasma membrane that forms the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

    2. b) Embedded in the plasma membrane that forms the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

    3. c) Floating “free” in the cytoplasm.

17. The liver is an organ that functions to detoxify body fluids of poisonous chemicals (like ethyl alcohol). What organelle within liver cells helps it to accomplish this function?

    1. a) Nucleoli.

    2. b) Lysosomes.

    3. c) Golgi apparatus.

    4. d) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

18. The cell walls of what type of organism contain the chemical chitin.

    1. a) Plants.

    2. b) Animals.

    3. c) Bacteria.

    4. d) Fungi.

19. What organelle produces lysosomes?

    1. a) Mitochondria.

    2. b) Golgi apparatus.

    3. c) Ribosomes.

    4. d) Vacuoles.

20. What structure is a large vacuole that lends internal support to plant cells when hydrated?

    1. a) Cell wall.

    2. b) Nucleus.

    3. c) Tonoplast.

    4. d) Plasmodesmata.

21. Which statement is not true of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leukoplasts)?

    1. a) Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis.

    2. b) They have two plasma membranes, with the inner membrane being highly folded.

    3. c) They are structurally similar to mitochondria.

    4. d) Leukoplasts store starch.

    5. e) Chromoplasts contain chlorophyll.

22. Which of the following is not associated with eukaryotic cells?

    1. a) Nucleoli.

    2. b) Plastids.

    3. c) Plasmids.

    4. d) Plasmodesmata.

    5. e) Basal bodies.

23. Which paired items are structurally identical to one another?

    1. a) Eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes.

    2. b) Centrioles and basal bodies.

    3. c) Plastids and mitochondria.

    4. d) Eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella.

24. Which statement is not true?

    1. a) Plant cells are eukaryotic.

    2. b) Cholorplasts are typically found in the roots of plants.

    3. c) Plasmodesmata allow plant cells to share cytoplasm with one another facilitating movement of

       materials from one cell to another.

    4. d) Endoplasmic reticula and golgi complexes work together in the secretion of products from a cell.

25. Which structure is not found in plant cells?

    1. a) Mitochondria.

    2. b) Plastids.

    3. c) Centrioles.

    4. d) Golgi bodies.

    5. e) Mark e if all are found in plant cells.

26. Which of the following is not found in animal cells?

    1. a) Mitochondria.

    2. b) Plastids.

    3. c) Centrioles.

    4. d) Golgi bodies.

    5. e) Mark e if all are found in animal cells.

27. Which structure is found at the base of eukaryotic flagella and cilia and play a role in control of these structures?

    1. a) Peroxisomes.

    2. b) Plasmids.

    3. c) Centrioles.

    4. d) Basal bodies.

28. What statement is not true of cell fractionation?

    1. a) Tissue is homogenized in a blender.

    2. b) The homogenate is spun at high speed in a centrifuge to pull suspended materials out of solution

       to form a pellet.

    3. c) The pellet is examined for its composition and the characteristics of the materials it contains.

    4. d) Once centrifuged, there is nothing left in the supernatant to examine.

    5. e) Mark e if all statements are true of cell fractionation.

29. Which statement is not true?

    1. a) Unicellular organisms can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic.

    2. b) Tissues are composed of cells.

    3. c) Organs are composed of tissues.

    4. d) Organisms are composed of cells and cell products.

    5. e) Mark e if all statements are true.

30. Which statement is not true of cells and cell size?

    1. a) Large cells have a high surface area to volume ratio, compared to small cells.

    2. b) Cells with highly folded cell membranes have a higher surface area to volume ratio than cells

       without a folded cell membrane.

    3. c) Being flat and thin increases the surface area to volume ratio.

    4. d) Mark d if all statements are true.

in 100 words or more

1. Define and describe the actions of glucocorticoids? How does the long-term use of synthetic corticosteroids affect a person? Be sure to describe the pathway involved.

2. Can a person live without a thyroid gland? What type of compensatory mechanisms would be needed to replace the actions of this gland?

What information on the evolutionary history of animals has been obtained from fossils and from genotypes of modern species? List 2 or 3 major events in this history

why does a third copy of chromosome 21 result in the complex pattern of developmental and physiological abnormalities associated this this syndrome. How does this extra copy - or dose - cause these defects/differences?

A Punnett is a means to determine the genetic inheritance of offspring if the genotypes of both parents are known. Using Punnett squares answer the questions about the following scenarios. In order to properly answer some of the questions more than 1 Punnett square might be needed. With every Punnett square provide a key for your alleles.

1. The condition of sickle cell anemia is recessive and only the homozygous recessive individuals are adversely affected. Interestingly, heterozygous individuals have increased resistance to Malaria which is caused by a Plasmodium parasite that infects red blood cells. A heterozygous individual has red blood cells that are minimally affected but are altered enough so that Plasmodium cannot infect the cells. This is one reason why this allele persists in the population – in the heterozygous state it gives the individual an advantage for survival in some environments.

Veronica, who has the sickle cell condition, and Mason who does not have the condition have a child. They are worried about the having a child with sickle cell anemia and malaria because they are moving to a part of Africa where the Plasmodium is common. Who in this family should be worried about sickle cell anemia and contracting malaria?

Explain the importance of global health to our own health. Describe the characteristics of the best global health interventions and provide examples of each. Describe key environmental health regulatory agencies at the international, national, state/provincial, and local levels. State the four principles that guide environmental policy development we discussed. Describe each in some detail.

Relate the disease processes that cause osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, and osteosarcoma to what you have learned about the structure, composition, and growth of bone tissue.

Identify the symptoms and treatments for each of these diseases.

A female fruit fly with singed bristles was mated with a male from a true-breeding wild-type stock with long bristles. All of the F1 females had wild-type long bristles and all of the F1 males had singed bristles. If the F1 flies are intercrossed, the expected ratio of long to singed bristles in the F2 flies is

Multiple Choice

• 3:1 in both sexes.

• 3:1 in females, while all the males will have singed bristles.

• 1:1 in both sexes.

• 1:1 in females, while all the males will have singed bristles.

• 1:0 in both sexes (i.e., males and females will all have long bristles).

2. A trihybrid individual heterozygous for three corn seed traits is testcrossed.

a) Identify parental, SCO (single crossover) and DCO (double crossover) classes

b) Determine the gene order

c) Calculate the map distance for each gene interval