:how might a history of exposure to wide environmental fluctuation affect the physical tolerances of intertidal species compared to close relatives in sub tidal and oceanic environments .clue...think about chemical and physical conditions..?

Phylum Echinodermata                     

1. starfish dissection

        Starfish external structure examination

Identify:

1. Oral surface

Mouth

Tube feet

Ambulacral groove

2. Aboral surface

Arm

Spines

Central disk

Madreporite

2. List examples for the following classes.

1. Class Asteroidea

2. Class Ophiuroidea

3. Class Crinoidea

4. Class Echinoidea

5. Class Holothuroidea

Phylum Annelida

• Watch video of earthworm dissection
• What is the most important characteristic of annelids? ______________________

• Observe specimens:

1. Examples of class Oligochaeta

2. Examples of class Polychaeta

3. Examples of class Hirudinea

Phylum Arthropoda

What is the most important characteristic of arthropods? _______________________

1. Watch video of crayfish dissection

2. Observe crayfish. (Figure 13 on p.134 of lab manual)

1. What are the body regions in a crayfish?   ______________________________

2. How many pairs of walking legs?                  ____________________________

3. Does a crayfish have mandibles?           ________________________________

4. Double branched appendages are described as __________________________

5. Crayfish is a member in subphylum _______________, class_______________

3. Observe centipedes.

1. How many pairs of legs are there in each segment? ______________________
2. A centipede is a member in subphylum ______________, class _____________

4. Observe millipedes.

1. How many pairs of legs are there in each segment? ______________________

2. A millipede is a member in subphylum ______________, class _____________

5. Observe spiders.

1. How many body regions are there in a spider?       _______________________

2. What are the body regions?   ________________________________________

3. How many pairs of legs are there? ____________________________________

4. What are the major functions of chelicerae? ____________________________

5. Spiders are members in subphylum _______________, class _______________

6. Observe insects. (Figure 16 on p.136 of lab manual)

1. How many body regions are there in a grasshopper?     ____________________

2. What are the body regions?   ________________________________________

3. How many pairs of legs are there? ____________________________________

4. Does an insect have mandibles?             ________________________________

5. What appendage do insects have that you have not observed in any other

invertebrates?                  _________________________________________

6. Grasshopper is a member in subphylum _______________, class ___________

7. Insects go through a process of transformation from an immature form to an

adult form. This process is called _________________________________

Julia works for company X, a high-profile tech firm that provides in-house daycare, hourly snacks delivered to the workers desks, an on-site workout facility with a pool and a company doctor. Julia is allergic to apples. She tells everyone that will listen; all her co-workers are annoyed with her, they roll their eyes every time that she explains that no, she cannot have the apple slices that are provided for them every hour as their healthy alternative snack and she insists on having a special snack of M&Ms provided for her. She asserts that when she eats apples, she gets a stomach-ache and flatulence (as all her co-workers can attest to). One day in December, company X hired Sam. Sam also has an apple allergy, when he eats apples, his mouth, lips and tongue swells. His doctor has prescribed eppi-pens for his allergy. Sam is an antagonistic person and likes to make fun of Julia for her “pretend allergy.” Julia is not amused. Julia followed Sam one day and saw him eating an apple pie with is family! Julia’s suspicions were confirmed – Sam was just looking for attention. An all-out apple-war starts out at company X. Finally, John, a mutual coworker brings the company doctor in to settle this feud; she is able to listen to both parties and give diagnoses without running any tests. Peace is eventually restored and Julia and Sam get back to work.

Draw the structure of the molecule that Julia is “allergic ” to, what classification of biomolecule does this fall under?

What is actually going on with Julia? Is she actually having an allergic reaction to the molecule above? If yes, explain. If no, what is actually happening in Julia’s body and give the name of her disorder.

What type of molecule is Sam allergic to?

Why can Sam eat apple pie, but not raw apples?

Remember to cite your sources (any consistent format, MLA, ACS, etc. is acceptable).

Describe two (2) techniques required to study ecosystems then provide an example of each technique. Suggest two (2) advantages and (2) disadvantages for each of your chosen techniques.

If green is dominant to white, what is the predicted phenotypic ratio of a cross between 2 green heterozygotes?

Group of answer choices

all green

3 green:1 white

3 white: 1 green

2 green:2 white

Diagram or summarize how HIV infects host cells and indicate the steps of the process that can be attacked by current HIV treatments; include the names of the classes of drugs involved. (ESSAY)

17. A newly identified bacterial strain needs nedine as a growth factor. To synthesize nedine these bacteria use three enzymes that are encoded by the genes nedA, nedB and nedC in the ned operon. The expression of these three genes is controlled by a regulatory protein NedR. Nedine binds to NedR, and it changes the ability of NedlR to bind to the regulatory region of the ned operon.

The ned genes are expressed only in the absence of nedine. The regulator NedR, only when bound to nedine, can bind at the regulatory region of the ned operon.

Answer all questions

1. Draw the ned operon showing structural and regulatory genes, the regulatory region including the promoter and terminator. Describe the role of each term in your drawing.

1. Show the regulation model of the ned operon in the absence of nedine. In your figures, include structural genes, regulatory region, NedR, transcription and translation. Describe the process how gene expression is turned ON or OFF in the absence of nedine.

2. Show the regulation model of the ned operon in the presence of nedine. In your figures, include structural genes, regulatory region, NedR, nedine, transcription and translation. Describe the process of how gene expression is turned ON or OFF in the presence of nedine.

The human microbiome

a. can protect the host organism from pathogens.
b. can provide metabolic pathways beyond those encoded in the host genome.

c. can be altered by treatment with probiotics.

d. has been linked to diabetes.

e. Alloftheabovearetrue.

Describe the differences and similarities between graded and action potentials;

Describe the processes involved in the movement of an action potential along the axon of a neurone; explain how voltage changes with action potential propagation

1          According to evolutionary theory, organisms with very similar phenotypes:

a.         are always very closely related

b.         always have very similar genotypes

c.         will evolve under very similar conditions.

d.        can have very different genotypes.

e          both c and d are correct.

2          Which of the following is NOT supported by scientific evidence?

a.      Probability Theory

b.      Evolutionary Theory

c.      Genetic Theory

d.      Cell Theory

e.      all of the above ARE scientific theories supported by large amounts of evidence

3.         At the beginning of western settlement millions of buffalo lived on the Great Plains. By 1890 only about 750 survived in the entire country. This is an example of:

a.         a severe mutation

b.         negative gene flow

c.         the founder effect

d.         a genetic bottleneck.

4.         Livestock production in the U.S. today uses nearly 3 times as many antibiotics as are prescribed for all human patients. It is most likely that routine use of antibiotics in animal feed will result in:

a.         an effective, long term way to eliminate disease-causing bacteria in the animals and therefore increase food production.

b.         the animals developing resistance to the antibiotics.

c.         an increased number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.

d.         the elimination of viral infections and thus increased food production.

e.         ever fewer disease-causing bacteria in the environment.

5.         Roaches are a common indoor pest in the south. Why must people routinely change the brand of insecticide (roach killer) they use?

a.         The active ingredients in the insecticide break down over time.

b.         Antibiotic-resistance genes in roach DNA are transferred to uninfected roaches by contact with infected ones.

c.         The direct action of insecticides on roach DNA cause individual roaches to slowly become immune.

d.         Some individual roaches in the population may have a mutation providing some natural immunity to the first insecticide and their offspring will begin to predominate.

e          Changes in the chemical formulation of insecticides constantly improve their effectiveness.

6.         Both Darwin and Wallace were greatly influenced by Thomas Malthus who observed that

            a.         populations increase geometrically (exponentially).

            b.         populations increase at the same rate as the food supply.

            c.         populations remain at their carrying capacity.

            d.         food supply usually increases faster than the population that depends on it.

7.         Examples of adaptive radiation of species would be easiest to find:

a.         near nuclear power plants.

b.         in isolated regions with many diverse habitats.

c.         on mountain tops exposed to higher UV radiation.

d.         in moist, humid tropical rainforests.

e.         in areas with much human contact.

8.         Gene flow is an evolutionary factor associated with:

a.         artificial selection

b.         random mating

c.         increased mutations

d.         migration of individuals

e.         small populations

9.         Evolution occurs in:

a.         gametes.

b.         somatic cells.

c.         individuals.

d.         organelles.

e.         populations.

10.       English moths originally had a normal (bell-curve) distribution phenotypes. What was the result of the smoke and soot from the industrial revolution on those English moths?

a.         All phenotypes in the original population were reduced as the population declined.

b.         Both extremes of the curve were selected against and the curve became narrow and tall.

c.         Heterozygote individuals were weaker and died off.

d.         The entire population of moths became darker but retained the bell-shaped curve.

e.         The moth population went extinct.

1. The energy required for tubular polymerization is provided by the hydrolysis of GTP.

A) True

B) False

2. Which of the following statements is correct with respect to flagella and cilia?

A) cilia generate a force parallel to the cell surface

B) cilia have a helical pattern of movement

C)There are usually fewer cilia than flagella

D)flagella display an oarlike pattern of beating

E) cilia are generally longer than flagella

3. Muscle contraction occurs in a cyclic process. Which of the following sequences is in the correct order?

A) power stroke, cross bridge formation, cross bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin

B)cross bridge formation, power stroke, cross bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin

C) cross bridge formation, cross bridge dissociation, cocking of myosin, power stroke

D) cross bridge formation, power stroke, cross bridge dissociation, power stroke, cocking of myosin

E) cross bridge formation, cocking of myosin, power stroke, cross bridge dissociation.

4. Choose all the statements below that are true for tight junctions

A) site of membrane fusion that are limited to abutting ridges of adjacent membranes

B) allow the exchange of metabolites between the cytosols of two adjacent cells

C) seal membranes of two adjacent cells tightly together

D) require connexons

Compare and contrast gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including cell wall and flagella structure. (ESSAY)

The difference between benign and malignant tumors is

A) malignant tumors are adherent

B) benign tumors have not lost growth control

C) benign tumors have not spread to other sites

D) benign tumors do not stimulate angiogenesis

E) benign tumors are cancers, malignant tumors are not

In order for growth to occur at both ends of a microtubule..

A.The concentration of subunits must be higher than the critical concentration for the plus end

B.The concentration of subunits must be higher than the critical concentration for both the plus and minus ends

C. The concentration of subunits must be higher than the critical concentration for the plus end but less than the critical concentration for the minus end

In cilia, side arms are attached to

A) central pairs

B) a tubules

C) b tubules

D. interdoublet nexins

E. radical spokes