Question

1. What determines whether a gene allele is a risk-increasing versus a risk-decreasing allele?

2. What does it mean when we say that genetic factors influence what dose of a drug will be safest and most effective for you?

3. Imagine someone who has asthma has a direct-to-consumer test that tells him that he has risk- decreasing alleles for asthma in two of his relevant genes. How do you explain the fact that he has asthma, despite having two risk-decreasing alleles in relevant genes?

4. What does it mean to say you have a risk-increasing allele for cancer that has been reported to have 20% penetrance?

5. Why does the test that is used to determine whether a woman who has breast cancer should be prescribed Herceptin or not focus on analyzing the mRNA of the HER2 gene? What does that tell you that a DNA-level analysis would not tell you?

6. Multiple choice—Just give me the letters of your choices—no need for explanation—there may be more than one correct answer. Give me all that are true.
Which of the following is true regarding the effects of mutations in the coding sequence of a gene?

A. they sometimes change the level of activity that every individual molecule of the protein has B. they sometimes change the overall level of activity you have of that protein in your body
C. they sometimes change the rate at which the cell makes that protein

7. Multiple choice—Just give me the letters of your choices—no need for explanation—there may be more than one correct answer. Give me all that are true.
Which of the following is true regarding the effects of mutations in the promoter region of a gene?

A. they sometimes change the level of activity that every individual molecule of the protein has B. they sometimes change the overall level of activity you have of that protein in your body
C. they sometimes change the rate at which the cell makes that protein

Answer 1

ANSWER 1 :-

1. There are two versions of a gene present in humans called as the alleles. They are of two types namely the dominant allele and the recessive allele.
2. The dominant allele tries to hide the expression of the recessive allele and hence the character that tends to be associated with the recessive allele may not be expressed in such condition according to Mendel's first law of inheritance which states that the dominant allele represses the activity of the recessive allele.
3. In most of the conditions such as the autosomal recessive, the lethal nature of the genetic condition is associated with the recessive allele and it can only be expressed only when there are both the copies present in the humans and the frequency of occurrence of this condition is very low.
4. On the other hand, in case of the autosomal dominant condition, the disease is indicated in the presence of a dominant allele. In short, it is the fitness value that determines whether the allele associated with the gene is going to be beneficial or harmful. In case of cystic fibrosis, the presence of both the recessive copies of the alleles (f allele) reduces the fitness of the individual and makes the individual prone to getting the condition (inheriting it) and thereby increasing the risk associated.

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