In the nematode C. elegans, the vulva forms from a group of six vulval precursor cells (VPCs). These cells give rise to the three vulval lineages: 1º (central vulva), 2º (lateral vulva), and 3º (hypodermis). Experiments have determined that these cells constitute an “equivalence group”, meaning that they are each capable of forming all three vulval lineages. The crucial factor in their fate decision turns out to be their proximity to the anchor cell, which is a cell located in the central region of the gonad of the developing worm:

These experiments suggest that some signal produced by the anchor cell is required to specify vulval fates. You have decided to carry out a study to identify the molecular basis for this signal. You begin by performing a genetic screen for mutants that lack a vulva (“vulvaless” mutants). One of the mutations you identify in this screen affects a gene called lin-3, which encodes a secreted protein related to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family.

Propose a hypothesis about the possible role of lin-3 in vulval specification in the C. elegans embryo.

Whats the obligations of pregnancy from a context of moral reasoning, culture, and religious identity.

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for classifying viruses?

a)Type of organism the virus infects

b) Method of viral replication

c) Type of nucleic acid in viral genome

d) Envelope structure or composition

e) All of the above are used

Co-dominance, Multiple Alleles, and Sex-linkage

1. Abby is unsure of the father of her daughter, Susie, and wants a quick way to find out which of the men she has dated it could be. Her blood type is AB, and her daughter’s is B. Of the possible men Dalton, has AB type blood, Jordan has O type blood, and Wyatt has A blood. Use the clues here and for each part of this problem to see who the father is. *** Be sure to answer all parts of each question.

• For blood type, A (I^AI^A or I^Ai) and B (I^BI^B or I^Bi) blood types are dominant to O (ii), and AB (I^AI^B) is codominant, meaning that both A and B proteins are expressed.
• The gene for color vision is sex-linked on the X chromosome, and having color vision (Females: X^BX^B or X^BX^b, Males: X^BY) is dominant to being color blind (Males: X^bY, Females: X^bX^b).
  1. Give the genotypes for each individual for blood type and then for color blindness. You may not be able to figure out all parts with the information provided. Put a “?” in the position for any alleles that you cannot determine, but you should be able to put at least part of the genotypes for all individuals based on the information provided above and additional information provided in the problems below.
     1. Abby’s Genotypes
        1. Blood Type:
        2. Vision:
     2. Susie’s Genotypes
        1. Blood Type:
        2. Vision:
     3. Dalton’s Genotypes
        1. Blood Type:
        2. Vision:
     4. Jordan’s Genotypes
        1. Blood Type:
        2. Vision:
     5. Wyatt’s Genotypes
        1. Blood Type:
        2. Vision:

2. Can you tell from the information given in the word problem above who the father is? Can you at least eliminate one man? Why or Why not?

3. Wyatt insists that he cannot be the father. He provides his parents’ blood types – both are AB. Is Wyatt correct that he is not the father? How do you know? *Hint, do a cross for his parents and determine what his actual genotype is.

4. Abby is hoping that Dalton is the father. She argues that because Dalton is the only man who color blind, just like Susie, he must be the father. Who is the father (Can you tell?)? How do you know or why can’t you tell?

The Mississippi Bippy is a hypothetical animal favored by some geneticists. In this animal amiable (A) is dominant to nasty (a), lazy (L) is dominant to active (l), and crazy (C) is dominant to sane (c). An amiable, lazy, but sane female is crossed with a nasty, active, but crazy male and all of the F₁ progeny are found to be amiable, lazy, and crazy. The testcross of an F₁ female with a nasty, active, and sane male gave the following results:

a) (1pt) Draw out the crosses (i.e. indicate the genotypes of the parents).

b) (1pt) What are the genotypes of the progeny.

c) (1pt) Construct a genetic map showing the map order and the distances between the genes.

d) (1pt) Do the data show evidence of interference? If so, how much is there?

what are the key features of our innate immune cells and microbes that are associated with its broad specificity

In terms of hemolytic disease of the newborn/Rh incompatibility (look on-line)

a) what are the blood type problems between mom and baby?

b) how does this relate to a first pregnancy vs. later ones?

c) How can this be prevented to allow for safe pregnancy?

1 a. Does natural selection cause mutations? Does evolution cause mutations? 1b.Mutation in and of itself is not evolution. What must happen for evolution to occur? 1 c. Give an example in which the relative fitness of a heterozygote is greater than the relative fitness of either of the homozygotes.

Match the type of selection with the example. **Why is each its respective match?**

A) Squirrels that learn fastest have the most offspring

B) Squirrels feed on acorns or birdseed. When most squirrels feed on acorns, those that eat birdseed have the highest fitness (and vise versa)

C) Long ears attract the most mates. Short ears improve survival in the winter. Medium sized ears provide neither benefit.

D) Squirrels that have very long tails are captured by predators. Squirrels that have very short tails lose their balance

If an incompatible transfusion is given,

a) what is the problem in terms of antigens and antibodies?

b) describe what happens to the incompatible donated cells and how this is potentially fatal.

Knowing what you know about plant vascular systems, read the

Following 5 ideas, and for each tell me:

1. Is it a good or bad idea?

2. Why is it a good or a bad idea?

3. What is another way to achieve what the idea is attempting?

Requirements

Good or bad idea? Correctly identifies what about the idea is good or bad.

Why? Explanation of reasoning is factual, logical, and detailed.

Alternative idea: Correctly utilizes knowledge of plant vascular systems

1. Carly bought a bouquet of flowers for their boyfriend. To keep them fresh, they

decide to put the bouquet in a dark place.

2. Megan wants to hang a clothesline between two apple trees in her backyard, but she

doesn’t want to kill them and lose the ability to harvest their apples. Her plan is to

screw hooks into each tree trunk for attaching the clothesline.

3. It’s the middle of summer. It hasn’t rained for weeks. It’s hot and dry outside. Tim is

worried that the squash plants in his garden are suffering in the heat, so he decides

to set up a big electric fan to cool them off.

4. Tim is back in the garden. It’s still hot and dry. This time, he’s worried about his

wilting tomato plants. He remembers that in the grocery store, they mist the produce

regularly to keep it fresh. He figures that soaking his whole tomato plants under

water for a while would be even better.

5. Chun lee wants to grow a patch of lush, gorgeous moss. She has some moss, but it

looks kind of dry and not very green. She remembers that in the grocery store, they

mist the produce regularly to keep it fresh. She figures that soaking the moss under

water for a while would be even better

1) A breeder performed a testcross to find out if his male dog was a purebred black. He got one brown puppy and seven black puppies, did he have the purebred? (explain)
What was the genotype of the female dog he used in test cross (BB), (Bb), or (bb)? (explain)

2) Given the description of an inherited disorder (including a pedigree) which of the following shows the probable mechanism of inheritance of this color? (Autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant X-linked recessive, X-linked dominant)

In the example below, determine the possible genotype of Elizabeth Ed

3)The recessive gene for hemophilia is located on X chromosome so why more males have hemophilia than females?

4)Palomino horses are known to be caused by the interaction of two different genes. The allele C in the homozygous condition produces a chestnut, or reddish color, horse. The allele c produces a very pale cream color, called cremello, in the homozygous condition. The palomino color Cc is caused by the interaction of both the chestnut and cremello alleles. Which of the following shows the probable mechanism of inheritance of this color? (autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked recessive, co-dominant, incomplete dominant)

Q a) a spreadsheet of the flow to the brain from the liver and from the brain to the liver - every step how the blood flows in detail.

a) Blood flow from brain to liver

b) blood flow from liver to brain

c)How do vertebral arteries connect brain and the liver? (special emphasis on the blood flow between liver and brain)

(I want full detail of it with diagram , flow sheets and full explanation. I have asked this question 2 times before but got lame answers everytime)