Which of the following scenarios represents an example of sympatric speciation?

A. Two populations of fish separated into species when a dam was built and their lake was divided in half.

B. Two species of fly breed at different times of year because they feed on different plant species in the same habitat.

C. Two bird populations are separated by the Rocky Mountains and are therefore unable to interbreed.

D. As continents drifted apart, populations of pterodactyls were eventually unable to fly far enough to interbreed.

QUESTION 37

1. The dynamic instability of microtubules ____________________.

   a		reflects a balance between the rate of GTP hydrolysis by tubulin dimers and the addition of new GTP-bound dimers at the plus end
   b		reflects a balance between the rates of GTP-bound tubulin dimer addition at the plus and and proteolytic degradation of the microtubule
   c		reflects a balance between the rates of GDP-bound tubulin dissociation at the plus and addition of GTP-bound dimers at the minus end
   d		reflects a balance between the rates of GTP-bound tubulin dimer addition at the plus end and GDP-bound dimer loss at the minus end

QUESTION 38

1. Depolarization of a skeletal muscle cell plasma membrane begins ____________________.

   	a	when potassium (K+) exit through leak channels triggers opening of voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels
   	b	when calmodulin binding triggers the opening of ligand-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels
   	c	when acetylcholine binding triggers the opening of ligand-gated sodium (Na+) channels
   	d	when acetylcholine binding triggers the opening of T tubule calcium (Ca2+) release channels

QUESTION 39

1. Match each type of intermediate filament with the correct description.

   -       A.       B.       C.       D.    Nuclear lamins       -       A.       B.       C.       D.    Keratin filaments       -       A.       B.       C.       D.    Neurofilaments       -       A.       B.       C.       D.    Vimentin and vimentin-related filaments

   A. Assembly and disassembly is regulated by phosphorylation B. Found in connective tissue cells and glial cells C. Most diverse class of intermediate filament D. Found only in nerve cells

streptococcus lacks an electronic transport chain. how does this bacteria reside NADH. where is the NADH formed in bacteria

1a. You are researching a gene involved in the process of glycolysis. Which of the following would you expect to see in terms of regulation of this gene?  Select all that apply.

1b.

If you are genetically engineering a protein that you want to accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum of a eukaryotic cell, what is the best answer for what you should do?

1c. Which of the following can be considered final products of a gene? Select all that apply.

1d. Indicate at least two possible reasons that eukaryotes have introns, and what benefits they may provide

While feverishly studying for this test, you suddenly realized that it had been over 12 hours since you last ate. You then took a break, drove over to Waffle House (restuarant), and ate a huge breakfast. Please describe the following IN ORDER:

a) your blood glucose and hormonal status, both before and after your meal;

b) what metabolic processes were up-regulated before and after your meal;

c) what metabolic processes were down-regulated before and after you meal;

d) what specific enzymes were affected and in what direction in (b) and (c) above;

e) why your answers to (b) and (c) above make sense for you as a complex, multicellular, energy-conscious organism.

Akt is also known as protein kinase B

List all Secondary Messengers

Phosphoinositide 3Kinase is a heterodimer with two subunits. The regulatory subunit binds IRS-1. The kinase subunit interacts with PIP₂. Why do you think overproduction of the regulatory subunit leads to insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes?

should the government mandate the vaccination of the general public against both childhood illness and seasonal diseases?

Give a one sentence description description of the role of membrane proteins in the following

• Transport -active transport, facilitated diffusion - requires concentration gradient

• Enzymatic activity -  
• Signal transduction –

• Cell-cell recognition -
• Intercellular joining -
• Attachment -

Explain the events that led to the development of aquaculture (e.g. what happened to Cannery Row?). What are some pros to aquaculture?What are some cons to aquaculture?

Certain species of blind fish living in perpetual darkness in the ocean depths have evolved from ancestors that could see. Research indicates that the brain centers for vision in these fish is degenerating, whereas the brain centers controlling other senses are enlarging. What might be the MOST probable reason for the loss of vision in these fish?

A. exposure to mutagens that caused the loss of vision

B. progressive selection of genetic variants in the population leading to blindness as an evolutionary adaptation

C. infection by cave-dwelling microorganisms that has led to degeneration of the eyes

D. extreme high pressure at the ocean depths causing a deterioration of vision

Male birds of paradise have evolved to possess a brilliant display of plumage. The male shows off his plumage to woo a female. Which of the following statements about this trait is true?

1. The colorful feathers in the male are a result of progressive sexual selection.

2. The female has a large part to play in the evolution of the male’s colorful plumage.

3. The colorful plumage functions as a survival advantage in its environment.

A. I only

B. II only

C. I and III

D. I and II

Darwin’s finches, which inhabit the Galapagos Islands, originally migrated from mainland South America. The loss of plants producing medium-sized nuts on one island led to the evolution of finches with either small or large beaks and selected against finches with medium-sized beaks. What kind of selective pressure is in action here?

A. directional selection

B. genetic drift

C. gene flow

D. disruptive selection

Assess which of the following variants from a population would have the maximum relative fitness.

I. Variant that matures and becomes fertile early and is short-lived.

II. Variant that matures and becomes fertile early and is long-lived.

III. Variant that is robust, long-lived, and sterile.

IV. Variant that matures and becomes fertile late and is long-lived.

A. I and IV

B. III only

C. II only

D. I and II

The peppered moth, Biston betularia, occurs as light- or dark-colored variants. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the light-colored moths were more prevalent because they could camouflage well on lichen-covered trees. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution and increasing air pollution, dark-colored moths became more prevalent. What is the type of evolutionary force at work? Why do the darker moths become more prevalent?

A. directional selection; because lighter moths were killed by the air pollution

B. directional selection; because darker moths escaped being spotted by predators

C. genetic drift; because lighter moths were killed by the air pollution

D. genetic drift; because darker moths escaped being spotted by predators

The whiptail lizard is an all-female population in which an individual lizard reproduces by cloning itself (by a process called parthenogenesis). Because of this, all surviving whiptail lizards are clones of one another. Which of the following statements is true?

I.         The absence of sexual reproduction conserves resources and allows the population to thrive better overall.

II.        The absence of sexual reproduction conserves resources but is detrimental to the long-term survival of the species.

III.      All members of the population are equally susceptible to parasites and disease.

IV.      The population can easily adapt to any environmental change.

A. I only

B. II only

C. IV only

D. II and III

A scientist attempts to maintain a population of pea plants in a “non-evolving state” by trying to simulate the conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. He places the plants in a contained area under controlled conditions (no factors limiting) and makes certain that all crosses conducted are completely random. Which conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium have NOT been met?

I. no gene flow

II.       no net mutations

III.      random mating

IV. no natural selection

A. I and II

B. II and IV

C. II only

D. IV only

Among a population of lizards inhabiting an arid habitat, the skin color is controlled by two alleles—B (brown skin color) that is dominant over b (green skin color). The green lizards comprise only 4 percent of the population whereas the brown lizards comprise the rest. Over a long period of time, increased rainfall in the area leads to transformation of the habitat, with growth of shrubs and small trees. The brown and green lizard numbers almost reverse with the green lizards approaching 81 percent of the total population. Calculate the allele frequency for the green skin color before and after the climate change occurred. Why did the brown lizard, which initially had greater relative fitness than the green lizard, reduce in number drastically?

A. 2, 9; because relative fitness is dependent on environmental conditions

B. 0.2, 0.9; because relative fitness is dependent on environmental conditions

C. 0.2, 0.9; because the green lizard population acquired new adaptations that caused them to increase in number

D. 0.4, 0.81; because the green lizard population acquired new adaptations that caused them to increase in number

The organization of bones in the human arm is similar to that in a whale’s front flippers as well as to that in the wings of a bat. Clearly, these appendages in different classes of mammals have evolved to perform different functions in their respective environments. What term BEST describes these structures?

A. homologous structures

B. analogous structures

C. vestigial structures

D. convergent evolution

The Amish community in Eastern Pennsylvania stemmed from a small closed population of around 200 individuals from Eastern Europe. Certain mutant alleles have been found at higher frequencies in the Amish relative to the general population, including a rare form of dwarfism called Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome, in which the short stature is accompanied by polydactyly. Evaluate the factors driving evolution in the Amish population. Is this form of evolution adaptive? Explain.

How is a bubble similar to a fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that can result in mental retardation if left untreated. Two normal parents produce a child with PKU.

If the recessive PKU allele is ‘n’ and the dominant normal allele is ‘N’, what are the genotypes of both parents?

A. Mother is NN and Father is nn

B. Mother is Nn and Father is nn

C. Mother is nn and Father is Nn

D. Mother and Father are both Nn

E. Mother and Father are both nn

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that can result in mental retardation if left untreated. Two heterozygous individuals have a child.

What is the probability that a sperm from the father will contain the normal allele?

A. 1/2

B. 1/4

C. 1/8

D. 1/16

E. 0

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that can result in mental retardation if left untreated. Two heterozygous individuals produce a child with PKU.

What is the probability that their next child will be a son who has PKU ?

A. 1/2

B. 1/4

C. 1/6

D. 1/8

E. 1/16

You will use A, B, and O for these questions to represent the alleles in this example.

The ABO blood system works in a Mendelian fashion, but has 3 possible alleles at one locus (A, B, and O alleles). Each person can have only 2 of those alleles in their genotype. A and B are both dominant (and so can be co-dominant), and O is recessive to both A and B. So, for example, if you have B blood type, your genotype could be either BB or BO -- both of those genotypes would yield B phenotype. If your phenotype is AB blood type, then your genotype is AB.

Given the following scenario determine the genotypes of all these individuals. (Hint: What can the offspring tell you about the parents?)

You have a mother who has two children. There are two men who might need to pay child support; we need to figure out which man owes. Who is the father of these two children?

Mother: blood type A

Child 1: blood type O

Child 2: blood type A

Possible father 1: blood type A

Possible father 2: blood type O

List all possible genotypes for each of these individuals (mother, 2 children, 2 men).

Based on this information, is it possible to exclude either of these men as being the father? Why or why not

Match the following neurotransmitter receptor subtype to the ligand, and properties

Alpha 1, D2, AMPA, CB1, CB2, GABAa, mu opioid, 5HT3, alpha 2, kappa opioid, D1, 5HT1A, GABAb, NMDA

• Binds dopamine with high affinity, producing slow hyperpolarization through decreasing cAMP

• Binds dopamine with low affinity, producing slow repolarization through increasing cAMP

• Binds norepinephrine with low affinity producing slow depolarization through increasing intracellular cAMP

• Binds serotonin, opening ligand gated channel, producing a fast PSP

• Binds serotonin, often found presynaptically acting as auto receptor slowing neurotransmitter release, due to decreased cAMP which closes voltage gated calcium channels

• Ionotropic receptor acting as Cl- channel that increases ion influx in presence of both GABA and depressant drugs like anxiolytics

• Metabotropic receptor producing a slow hyperpolarization when bound to GABA

• Ionotropic receptor ligand gated by glutamate and glycine; also Mg+ blocking channel so require ligands+ simultaneous membrane depolarization to allow Ca++ influx

• Ionotropic receptor ligand gated by glutamate, allowing passage of Na+. This produces most fast EPSPs from glutamate binding

• Binds 2-AG with high affinity, anandamide is a partial agonist, heavily expressed in CNS, found presynaptically, Gi-coupled

• Found on microglia and in periphery on immune cells, Gi-coupled associated with controlling (limiting) cytokine release

• Gi-coupled, ligand activated by dynorphin, found on presynaptic VTA terminals, when activated will decrease DA release from VTA terminals

• Gi-coupled, ligand activated by beta-endorphin, found on presynaptic GABA terminals projecting to VTA, when activated will disinhibit VTA, increasing DA release from VTA