Glycolysis requires four different phosphotransferase reactions. Identify the phosphoryl donor, acceptor, and nucleotide end-product for each. The choices for each box are the same and they are 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, ADP, ATP, Fructose-6-phosphate, Glucose, Phosphoenolpyruvate.
| enzyme | phosphoryl donor | phosphoryl acceptor | nucleotide end product |
| Hexokinase | |||
| Phosphofructokinase | |||
| Phosphoglycerate kinase | |||
| Pyruvate kinase |
In: Biology
In: Biology
Cytosolic pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis. Its fate depends on the metabolic status of the cell. If there is plenty of oxygen, the aerobic pathway dominates. If oxygen is insufficient, the anaerobic pathway dominates. Associate each of the following characteristics with either the aerobic or anaerobic fate of pyruvate.
| Catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase | |
| Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | |
| Oxidizes NADH | |
| Oxidizes pyruvate | |
| Produces acetyl CoA | |
| Produces lactate | |
| Recycles NADH to NAD+ | |
| Redirects glucose oxidation to the mitochondrion | |
| Reduces NAD+ | |
| Reduces pyruvate |
In: Biology
A.)There are four important steps in a Gram stain. List the specific stains/chemicals used in each step, and the color of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria after each step.
B.)Describe 2 reasons why heat fixing a specimen before viewing under a microscope is important.
C.)Describe how the design of the swan - necked flasks in Pasteur's classic experiment helped disprove spontaneous generation. What were the results of the experiment? How did it counter the "vital force" argument believed by many scientists.
In: Biology
In: Biology
What is the importance of relay signaling in development?
In: Biology
An energy pyramid illustrates a great loss of energy at each level of a food web. Each level of the pyramid has only 10% of the energy at the level below it. If the producer level has 10,000 calories for the food we, how much energy is available of each of the next three levels?
In your opinion, how do you think problems like pollution and deforestation are linked with population growth?
How can the growth of a population be slowed by its own numbers?
In: Biology
| 16. A human nephron A. is one of the two kidneys B. is the functional excretory unit C. is about the size of your fist D. all of the above |
17. The proximal convoluted tubule A. is lined by microvilli B. excrete salt ions of sodium and potassium C. secretes unneeded proteins D. absorbs organic acids |
18. Urine entering the collecting duct A. will have salt added as it descends B. will have urea added as it descends C. will have water added as it descends D. none of the above |
19. The multiplier effect A. increases the salt concentration of the cortex B. decreases the salt concentration of the urine C. is due to the absorption of salt into the urine D. none of the above |
20. Alcohol and caffeine increase urine volume by
A. decreasing blood pressure and increasing ADH production
B. increasing blood pressure and decreasing ADH production
C. increasing blood pressure and increasing ADH production
D. decreasing blood pressure and decreasing ADH production
In: Biology
A strain of E. coli carries a mutation that completely inactivates the enzyme encoded in the gene. Several revertants, mutants of the mutant with partly or fully restored activity, were selected, and the amino acid sequence of the enzyme was determined. The only differences found were at position 10 in the polypeptide chain.
Revertant 1 had Thr.
Revertant 2 had Glu.
Revertant 3 had Met.
Revertant 4 had Arg.
Assume that the initial mutation itself, as well as each revertant, resulted from a single nucleotide substitution.
a. What amino acid is present at position 10 in the mutant protein?
b. What codon in the mRNA would encode this amino acid?
Please provide explanations and not just correct answers.
In: Biology
In: Biology
Question from Informatic pathology subject in bioinformatics, need answers in essay form for 25 marks
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A 42-year-old man was admitted to hospital regarding epigastric burning or aching pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, belching and weight loss. He also complained that the pain become worse at night and 1 to 3 hours after meal. Endoscopy showed a punched out defect with smooth “clean base” and less than 4 cm. In addition, biopsy showed the presence of S-shaped rod bacteria. Based on the clinical findings, name the probable disease the patient suffers from. Outline the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and diagnosis. |
| [25 Mark] |
In: Biology
Question from Informatic pathology subject in bioinformatics, need answers in essay form for 25 marks
|
A 60-year-old man, presented with complaints of cough and expectoration for the past 7–8 months. The expectoration was around 100 ml/day, mucoid and no foul smelling. Patient also complains of chest pain, breathlessness, fever and weight loss. Sputum for AFB was done twice and it was negative. We proceeded with a diagnostic bronchoscopy. There were no endobronchial lesions. Bronchial wash from the right lower lobe revealed numerous acid fast bacilli. Describe the types of inflammation based on the above case study. Then, discuss on the pathogenesis of the lesion that later developed to necrotized tissues. |
| [25 Mark] |
In: Biology
Describe the pathway that transmits pain stimuli to the brain and the analgesic pathway that will lessen pain sensitivity.
In: Biology
Question 2
Enzymes basically work by...
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A. |
Directly providing ATP for muscle contraction |
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B. |
Lowering the activation energy required to drive the reaction |
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C. |
Combining with NAD+ to provide energy |
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D. |
Helping oxygen attach to substrate during metabolism |
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E. |
Both A and B |
Anaerobic glycolysis yields a net gain of...
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5 ATP |
||
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10 ATP |
||
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8 ATP |
||
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2 ATP |
After a few minutes of easy jogging at a submaximal intensity, my oxygen consumption and heart rate reach a plateau and stay at that level for 20 to 30 minutes as I am jogging. With regards to oxygen consumption this would be an example of ...
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A. |
intermittent exercise |
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B. |
an oxygen deficit |
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C. |
incremental exercise |
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D. |
a steady state |
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E. |
homeostasis |
Question 17
The RQ measured for a subject who has been jogging easily at 70% VO2max for about 40 minutes and is in a steady state will likely be?
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A. |
over 1.0 |
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B. |
close to .7 |
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C. |
close to .5 |
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D. |
close to .9 |
Question 57
A person exercises in their “fat burning zone” for 4 hours at 35% VO2peak. The O2 cost of exercise at that work rate is 0.5L/minute. Following exercise the subject rewards himself with an ice-cream sundae (700kcal). The following statement is true(assume 5kcal/lit of O2):
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A. |
The subject is in neutral energy balance |
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B. |
The subject consumed fewer calories than they expended during exercise |
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C. |
The subject consumed more calories than they expended during exercise |
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D. |
Can’t say |
In: Biology
The Fragile-X syndrome is the most common inherited form of mental retardation in humans. The gene causing the disease has been cloned and shown to encode an RNA-binding protein that binds to a diverse yet specific pool of mRNA species in the brain. Based on what you know about RNA structure, do you think it likely that this protein binds to these RNA molecules using a similar mechanism that proteins use to bind DNA? Explain why or why not, and if not, propose another way that this protein may recognize these RNA species.
essay answer are limited to about 600 words
In: Biology