India' s general state of healthcare

A. State the purpose of the country profile and explain why you chose to write about this country in particular.

B. Identify appropriate details needed for an analysis of the state of healthcare in your chosen country.

population

type of government and

the state of governmental affairs,

geographic location

climate.

Which description of water potential measurements within a plant's tissues lead you to conclude that transpiration is freely occuring?No information is given on the guard cells.

a)soil water potential= -5.0,root water potential= -7.0,stem water potential= -10.5,spongy mesophyll water potential= -12.0,air water potential =0.0

b)soil water potential= -5.0,root water potential= -7.0,stem water potential= -10.5,spongy mesophyll water potential= -12.0,air water potential= -98.0

c)soil water potential= -8.0,root water potential= -7.0, stem water potential = -7.0 spongy mesophyll water potential= -7.0, air water potential= -98.0

d) soil water potential= -12.0, root water potential= -10.0,stem water potential= -9.5, spongy mesophyll water potential = -9.0, air water potential= -98.0

Why is the citric acid cycle considered to be a “central metabolic hub” of the cell? Provide an
explanation with specific examples, including control and regulatory aspects of the citric acid
cycle. What happens when there are "defects" in the citric acid cycle? Provide examples

Hi. I am studying Human Genetics. The subject is dwarfism.

My question is : In relation to dominant gene alleles and recessive gene alleles determine expression of single-gene traits, such as dwarfism, describe (a). the problem of dwarfism and (b) the clinical features?

Describe how you can use PCR to obtain a gene fragment X that can be cloned into a
plasmid vector for expression of the recombinant protein. Include in your description
how the PCR reaction will be performed, how the amplicon will be analyzed, the use of
restriction enzymes, how cloning will be achieved, how you will know that you have a
recombinant containing the insert gene fragment X and how you will detect the
recombinant protein.

* If a population of 100,000 microbes was treated with an bactericidal chemical solution for two minutes and 90% of the population dies per minute, how many microbes remain after two minutes?

a. 100,000

b. 10,000

c. 1000

d. 100
*We wished to determine the abundance of bacteria in a sample of milk. To do this ten-fold serial dilutions of a one milliliter milk sample were prepared. One milliliter of the fourth 10-fold serial dilution was plated in a pour plate. After incubation, the plate had 35 colonies. How many bacteria were in the original milk sample?

a. 35 cells per ml

b. 350 cells per ml

c. 3,500 cells per ml

d. 35,000 cells per ml

e. 350,000 cells per ml

*According to our present understanding, each of the three major domains of organisms has what is known as its own universal ancestor.

a. True

b. False

*Both environmental conditions and nutrient resources strongly influence the composition of a microbial community.

a. True

b. False

What is the chemical composition of a chromosome?

one-two sentence answers, please.

Is it likely that glycosylated threonine residues will be found on proteins located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum? Explain

*Generation time can best be defined as

a. the length of time it takes for lag phase

b. the duration of log phase
c. the time it takes for a cell to divide

d. how many generations a cell can divide

*Bacterial growth is usually graphed using ________.

a. an arithmetic plot.

b. a hyperbolic plot.

c. a semi-logarithmic plot.

d. an inverse plot.

*Most bacteria reproduce by

a. aerial hyphae.

b. fragmentation.

c. mitosis.

d. binary fission.

e. budding.

*The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from

a. microorganisms.

b. plants.

c. animals.

d. plants and animals together.

*Pasteurization requires

a. vaccinating animals to protect them against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

b. the use of heat to kill most of the microorganisms found in liquids such as milk to preserve their taste

c. use of closed containers to prevent the spoilage of food

d. the use of heat to kill most of the microorganisms found in liquids to protect against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis

*The algal blooms that occur in Lake Erie and other bodies of water are primarily caused by

a. Global warming

b. Fertilizer run off from agricultural fields and residential areas

c. Industrial pollution

d. The extinction of aquatic species

e. None of the above

* Which of the following statements about phospholipids is true?

a. are composed molecules that are entirely hydrophilic

b. are composed molecules that are entirely hydrophobic

c. are the principle components of cell membranes

d. have “heads” and “tails” that both have phosphate groups  

*The generation time of a particular bacterial species is 30 minutes. Starting with one cell, how many are there after 4 hours?  

a. 4

b. 8

c. 256

d. none of the above

*Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan that:

a. consist of linear polysaccharides that are cross linked by simple sugars to form a ‘mesh like’ structure that maintains cell integrity

b. consist of linear polysaccharides that are cross linked by short polypeptide chains to form a ‘mesh like’ structure that maintains cell integrity

c. consist of linear polysaccharides that are cross linked by short polypeptide chains to form a ‘mesh like’ structure that promotes the diffusion of nutrients into cells

d. None of the above

*Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are found in:

a. Gram-positive bacteria

b. Gram-negative bacteria

c. all Bacteria

d. Archaea

e. Eukaryotes

*There are similarities and differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Which of the following is not true?

a. The cell wall of Gram-negative cells is composed of only one or two layers of peptidoglycan whereas the cell walls of Grampositive bacteria have many peptidoglycan layers

b. Only Gram-positive bacterial cells have a periplasm

c. The cell membranes of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are lipid bilayers

d. There is a second membrane (called the outer membrane) just outside the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, but this is absent from Gram-positive bacteria

*The cell membranes of Bacteria

a. serve as a barrier that separates the cell contents from the environment

b. prevent cells from bursting due to osmotic pressure

c. can be stained to distinguished Gram positive from Gram negative bacteria

d. prevents the entry of organic compounds into cells.  

e. all of the above

-Describe the process of gel electrophoresis. How would the distance that each DNA fragment travelled on your gel change if you were to make the gel using a higher percentage of agarose (for example 3%)? Explain

-Describe the steps involved in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including the changes in temperature that are performed by the thermocycler and the purpose of each temperature change.

Answer the following questions for the data set below.

A species of plant F₁ testcross gave rise to the F₂ phenotypes:

Short hair wildtype, short tail                         625

Short hair wildtype, long tail wildtype            48

Long hair, long tail wildtype                           645

Long hair, short tail                                           39

Q1. a) Do the genes appear to be linked? Answer yes, no, or maybe.  1 mark

       b) Explain your answer. 2 marks

Q2. a) What do the phenotype numbers tell you about recombination frequencies of these

            alleles during meiosis? 1 mark

       b) How does this relate to linkage? 2 marks

Q3. What is the genotype of the testcross individual? 2 marks

Q4. What is the genotype of the F₁ female?  2 marks

SHOW ALL WORK!!!