explain how works 1. Electric forces in biomolecules DNA and protein. 2. Electric potential and hearth dynamics.

When the organism has been starving for many days and it has started degrading its own proteins, does it use the UPS for that? Explain

Pick one component of fibrous connective tissue and explain its function/importance.

For each of the E. coli strains below, indicate whether β-galactosidase and permease expression are inducible, constitutive, or not expressed. Assume that no glucose is available to the cells. β-galactosidase Permease I+ P— O+ Z+ Y— I+ P+ Oc Z+ Y— I+ P+ OC Z+ Y— /I—P+ O+ Z— Y+ IS P+ OC Z— Y+ /I+P+ O+ Z+ Y—

Q41.

How do you accelerate the reaction in living systems and would it affect equilibrium? How is the reaction specificity achieved? Based on your reading how are they classified and identified?

1. Pyruvate oxidation yields one molecule of _____ , and one molecule of ________ , which is exhaled.

2. How many molecules of CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 does the citric acid cycle yield for each acetyl CoA molecule oxidized?
   1. CO2            

2. ATP       

3. NADH    

4. FADH2    

3. Identify the two molecules that provide the electron transport chain with high energy electrons._______ and _______.

4. The chemiosmotic flow of H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane goes through an enzyme called                                                                          .

5. List aerobic stages of cellular respiration:                                                                                  

6. As a result of fermentation, animal cells produce _________ acid.

7. Define oxidation and reduction.

What would happen to the O₂-binding curve of hemoglobin when BPG is removed from its environment?

Why do B-catenin levels stay about the same instead of an increase in an EMT (Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition). What is your explanation and what simple experiment can you suggest that would demonstrate your explanation?

Hydrogen bonds can form with bases on the opposite DNA strands in the double helix, or between the bases and H2O in the single stranded conformation. Considering that the double helix is the most stable conformation in water, how does this observation support the conclusion that base stacking contributes more to helix stability than interbase hydrogen bonding?Hydrogen bonds can form with bases on the opposite DNA strands in the double helix, or between the bases and H2O in the single stranded conformation. Considering that the double helix is the most stable conformation in water, how does this observation support the conclusion that base stacking contributes more to helix stability than interbase hydrogen bonding?

What does it mean to have a 2 or 3 year growing season cycle in plants ? What are consequences and examples if there occur any syndrome because of having 2 or 3 year growing cycle of a tree?

How does size affect the rate of diffusion?

Size doesn't matter.

Large molecules diffuse faster.

Small molecules diffuse faster.

The first step taken when looking through the oculars of a microscope is to adjust the oculars until only one circle of light can be viewed.

T/F

A serial dilution is conducted in order to create a solution of higher concentration.

True

False

Glucose has a molecular weight of 180 g/mol. Starch has a molecular weight that varies, but is at least 342 g/mol. Which substance is less likely to cross a dialysis membrane?

Describe the role of the troponin-tropomyosin complex and the role of calcium ions in skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction.

Why would overexpression of RTK (Receptor Tyrosine Kinase) lead to an oncogenic phenotype (describe the mechanism)?

Recall that the Hoopoe birds are getting cancer because of the HCP retrovirus – take a look at the viral transforming gene, v-hcp compared to the c-hcp/mtk gene (above). (v-hcp lacks a ligand binding domain) Is a mAb therapy strategy likely to be useful in treating the virally-caused cancer? Briefly explain.