*Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan that:

a. consist of linear polysaccharides that are cross linked by simple sugars to form a ‘mesh like’ structure that maintains cell integrity

b. consist of linear polysaccharides that are cross linked by short polypeptide chains to form a ‘mesh like’ structure that maintains cell integrity

c. consist of linear polysaccharides that are cross linked by short polypeptide chains to form a ‘mesh like’ structure that promotes the diffusion of nutrients into cells

d. None of the above

*Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are found in:

a. Gram-positive bacteria

b. Gram-negative bacteria

c. all Bacteria

d. Archaea

e. Eukaryotes

*There are similarities and differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Which of the following is not true?

a. The cell wall of Gram-negative cells is composed of only one or two layers of peptidoglycan whereas the cell walls of Grampositive bacteria have many peptidoglycan layers

b. Only Gram-positive bacterial cells have a periplasm

c. The cell membranes of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are lipid bilayers

d. There is a second membrane (called the outer membrane) just outside the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, but this is absent from Gram-positive bacteria

*The cell membranes of Bacteria

a. serve as a barrier that separates the cell contents from the environment

b. prevent cells from bursting due to osmotic pressure

c. can be stained to distinguished Gram positive from Gram negative bacteria

d. prevents the entry of organic compounds into cells.  

e. all of the above

-Describe the process of gel electrophoresis. How would the distance that each DNA fragment travelled on your gel change if you were to make the gel using a higher percentage of agarose (for example 3%)? Explain

-Describe the steps involved in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including the changes in temperature that are performed by the thermocycler and the purpose of each temperature change.

Answer the following questions for the data set below.

A species of plant F₁ testcross gave rise to the F₂ phenotypes:

Short hair wildtype, short tail                         625

Short hair wildtype, long tail wildtype            48

Long hair, long tail wildtype                           645

Long hair, short tail                                           39

Q1. a) Do the genes appear to be linked? Answer yes, no, or maybe.  1 mark

       b) Explain your answer. 2 marks

Q2. a) What do the phenotype numbers tell you about recombination frequencies of these

            alleles during meiosis? 1 mark

       b) How does this relate to linkage? 2 marks

Q3. What is the genotype of the testcross individual? 2 marks

Q4. What is the genotype of the F₁ female?  2 marks

SHOW ALL WORK!!!

describe how anatomy and physiology can be used for many different applications?

What is the difference between energy and matter when it gets processed through a system? How do different species interact with each other? (relationships between organisms like competition, etc…) What are some of the major threats to the biosphere and why is conservation biology important?

Case:  Miss Diasy is an 85-year-old economically disadvantaged woman who lives alone, has no car and cannot take public transportation because she cannot stand or walk without her walker or a store scooter.  She lives only on what she collects from Social Security and has no family to care for her.  She has a few well-intentioned neighbors and does have access to a senior center that can transport her to the grocery store, but lately she has no desire to grapple with the energy it takes for her to shop.  She now relies on Meals on Wheels.  She can usually find someone to take her to her medical appointments maybe once or twice a week but does not have anyone to shop, clean, do laundry, cook, pay bills or run errands for her (Medicare/Medicaid will not pay for these services).  Along with severe high blood pressure and heart disease, Miss Daisy has been diagnosed with end-stage kidney disease.  Though dialysis is an option, it would require many trips to the dialysis center each week (4 – 5 times a week), and is extremely difficult and unpleasant for patients in her condition.  Because of her overall health condition, she would not be eligible for a kidney transplant, as she couldn’t survive the surgery.  Her situation is dire, and most doctors agree the end of her life is near.  It is unclear what Miss Daisy wants, and she is looking to the doctors to help guide her decisions.     Case Questions (to be answered in ESSAY FORMAT):  If one were going to ration care based on age, Miss Daisy would only be given comfort (or “palliative” care), but not dialysis. What would be the reasoning behind this care plan?  That is, explain how someone arguing in favor of rationing care to the elderly would justify nontreatment for Miss Daisy’s kidney disease.  Another way to put it is:  give the argument for why non-treatment or withholding dialysis and transplant (but continued medical care for symptoms, comfort, nutrition, etc.) is the right choice. Now, decide whether you agree with rationing based on age, or if you think other factors along with age need to be considered, being sure to give your reasons/arguments in essay format.  That is, is it just her age that’s the problem, or are there other important factors playing a role in determining her medical treatment options?  Finally, argue for what you believe would be the best, most compassionate or most virtuous course of action for Miss Daisy, including what should be said to her by her doctors when she asks them for advice, using any and all principles and concepts we’ve covered this semester. 
 
Your complete essay should be about 2 - 3 pages long.  Remember that you should be referencing the principles we’ve studied from other chapters – beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice – and should be making clear to the reader that you understand the real moral problems embedded in this case.   
 

What makes the animal kingdom so much different to the other taxonomic groups? How have vertebrates changed through the millions of evolutionary history? Provide examples What are the major events in human evolution and what is meant with the phrase “closest living relatives are chimpanzees”?

1. Describe the requirements and caveats to culturing animal cells; what nutrients and materials/substrate are required; some cell types need special growth substrates (behave differently in suspension – unlike in tissue)

2.Explain a primary culture vs. a cell line and the striking difference that tends to permit cell lines to be isolated

3. Understand how chemical screens are utilized

You collected a sample of soil from your backyard to use for as a source of inoculum for your isolate project, and want to use plating technique to determine the number of microbes present. Based on what you know about microbial cell counts in soil environments, you estimate that there might be up to 1010 cells per g of soil, but that in many soil samples only a small fraction (0.1-1%) of cells are typically able to be cultured on solid medium. Outline a dilution and plating procedure that you could use to obtain an appropriate number of colonies on a plate to quantify microbes in this soil sample. Include the type of plating technique you would use, the type of media that you would use, the specific dilutions and volumes that you would plate, the targeted number of colonies you would want on a plate for accurate quantification, and the units you would use to report your results. Assume that you have sterile buffered saline solution for use as a diluent.

What is the purpose of the iodine in the Gram stain procedure? If this step was left out, what color would Gram negative and Gram positive cells appear after completion of the stain?

1. Why do many countries in the Middle East have very few cases of Tricheinella infection. Explain why this could be.

2. Why do fish has to be freeze before preparation to make sushi rather than just using fresh fish?

3. What advice will you give to people with worm infections such as trichinellosis or anisakiasis to prevent spreading the infections to roommates or family members?

In our initial enrichment for Bacillus from soil, we used a heat treatment step to kill vegetative cells. However, we did not test whether this heat treatment step was actually effective. Describe a control or controls that you could do to test the effectiveness of the heat treatment, and what types of microbes you would use for these controls

What is the effect of placing a red blood cell in an isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic solution? Explain.

Which of the following best describes the source of the carbon skeleton for synthesizing non-essential amino acids?

A.    Glutamate

B.     Acetyl coenzyme A

C.     Carbohydrates

D.    Essential amino acids

The use of proteins for energy begins with which of the following processes?

A.    Deamination

B.     Hydroxylation

C.     Oxidation

D. Polymerization

A 56-year-old woman with chronic liver disease is brought to the physician because of confusion, a depressed level of consciousness, personality changes, and intellectual impairment. Laboratory tests support a diagnosis that the woman is suffering from liver encephalopathy. Which of the following blood factors is the most likely cause of this condition?

A.    Ammonia

B.     Ammonium

C.     Arginine

D.    Citrulline

Which of the following substances best describes deaminated alanine?

A.    Acetoacetic acid

B.     Acetyl coenzyme A

C.     Glucose

D.    Lactic acid

E. Pyruvic acid

An increase in blood levels of which of the following substances promotes breakdown of proteins in most tissues?

A.    Estrogen

B.     Glucocorticoid

C.     Growth hormone

D.    Insulin