Question: Briefly describe what might happen following a change in blood pressure after standing up from a prone position. What type of mechanism is employed? Write as much as detail you can, plz type the answer, i can't read the hand writing, Thank you.

An E. coli cell can import glucose molecules by group translocation or simple transport. If the cell is only using group translocation and is under anaerobic conditions, how many total ATP will be produced for 3 glucose molecules?

With all that you know about SARS-CoV-2 and Covid-19, discuss a possible evolutionary scenario for SARS-CoV-2 , over the next 6 months, 1 year and 5 years. How, if at all, will the virulence/trasmissability of SARS-CoV-2 change and why? A vaccine was developed for Polio, but, so far, not for HIV. Will science develop an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2? Why or why not?

Section 28.1

1. Briefly describe the general body plan of a typical sponge. Also describe the germ layer and symmetry.

2. What is the purpose of the choanocytes and amoebocytes?

3. How do sponges obtain nutrients?

4. Mode of locomotion.

List, discuss, and evaluate the major technique used in separating proteins, including: solubility, size, dialysis, SDS-PAGE, charge-ion exchange chromatography, size and charge 2D gels, specific ligand binding affinity chromatography, antigen-antibody recognition (western blot, ELISA); mass spectrometry of peptide and proteomics

Question 11 pts

When chymotrypsin is assayed with the surrogate substrate p-nitrophenylacetate, a rapid burst of colored product formation (p-nitrophenolate) is observed, corresponding to a relatively steep slope on the A410 vs. time (seconds) plot, followed by a slower-but-steady release of p-nitrophenolate, corresponding to a relatively less-steep slope on the A410vs. time (seconds) plot. These results were interpreted as:

Section 28.5

1. What is ecydysis? What organisms go through this process?

2. Describe the defining characteristics of nematodes. Describe these organisms in terms of their coelom, excretory system and reproductive system.

3. What are some examples of parasitic nematodes?

4. Describe the defining characteristics of arthropods and differentiate between the four major groups. Give an example of each.

5. Describe the defining characteristics of echinoderms.

6. Differentiate between the five major groups. Provide examples of each.

Suppose colourblindness is an X-linked recessive trait, while Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant trait. Assume both traits are rare. A colourblind man decides to have children with a women who is heterozygous for both genes. What is the probability that they will have a child that is colourblind and does not have Huntington's?

Section 28.3

1. What germ layers are present in lophotrochozoans? What type of symmetry do they have?

2. What two ciliated structures are found in lophotrochozoans? What is the purpose of each?

3. Describe flatworms in terms of their germ layer, symmetry, feeding habit, and coelom.

4. Flatworms lack a circulatory and respiratory system. How then do their cells exchange gases and obtain nutrients?

5. What are the four major classes of flatworms? How do they differ in terms of their lifestyle? Give an example of each.

6. Describe the life cycle of a tapeworm.

7. Describe the defining characteristics of rotifers. Describe them in terms of the coelom.

8. Describe the digestive system and reproductive processes of rotifers.

28.2

1. Describe the germ layer and symmetry of cnidarians.

2. What is the defining characteristic of cnidarians?

3. Compare the two distinct body plans of cnidarians in terms of their structure, motility, and mode of reproduction.

4. Describe the gastrovascular cavity of cnidarians. Do they have a circulatory system? Explain.

5. Briefly describe the four classes of cnidarians.

6. Describe the life cycle of a typical Scyphozoan.

Why are type I and type II reaction centers required for oxygeneic photosynthesis?

The cost of NOT performing 2 cycles of photorespiration is

1 C in the form of CO2

4 C in the form of 2 molecules of phosphoglycolate

1 C (as CO2), 2 ATP, 2 NADPH equivalents, and one molecule of NH4+

3 ATP and 2 NADPH

5 ATP and 2 NADPH

As temperature increases, the quantum yield of photosynthesis in C3 plants is directly affected by

The decreasing ratio of CO2 to O2 in the aqueous phase

The increasing ratio of CO2 to O2 in the aqueous phase

The decreasing ratio of CO2 to O2 in the gas phase

The increasing ratio of CO2 to O2 in the gas phase

In CAM plants and ‘regular’ C4 plants, the enzyme that first fixes CO2 into an organic molecule is

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase for both

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) for both

NADP-malic enzyme for both

Rubisco in CAM, PEPC in ‘regular’ C4

Rubisco in ‘regular’ C4, PEPC in CAM

In CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants, when and where

are sugars produced?

During the night, in mesophyll cells

During the day, in mesophyll cells

During the night, in bundle sheath cells

During the day, in bundle sheath cells

QUESTION 10

In ‘regular’ C4 plants, when and where are sugars

produced?

During the night, in mesophyll cells

During the day, in mesophyll cells

During the night, in bundle sheath cells

During the day, in bundle sheath cells

40. Primary aldosteronism leads to

a. hypernatremia

b. hyponatremia

c. hyperkalemia

d. none of the above

39. Hypernatremia secondary to increased sodium intake can lead to

a. increased hematocrit

b. decreased hematocrit

c. increased plasma proteins

d. none of the above

38. Slow changes in the extracellulular fluid tonicity

a. have a huge effect on a cell

b. are clinically significant

c. causes major neurological complication

d. none of the above

37. Hyponatremia can cause

a. brain herniation

b. swelling of brain cells

c. alteration in level of consciousness

d. all of the above

36. Extracellular hypertonicity increases gene expression encoding for which of the following proteins?

a. Na/H exchanger

b. Na/K ATPase pump

c. glucose transporter

d. none of the above

35. Hypernatremia causes

a. water to move out of brain cells

b. water to move into the brain cells

c. brain hemorrhage

d. both a and b

34. The average plasma sodium concentration is approximately

a. 140 mmol/liter

b. 3.0 mmol/liter

c.5.5 mmol/L

d. 53.5 mmol/liter

33. Hyponatremia can result from which of the following ?

a. increased water intake

b. decreased water intake

c. increase salt intake

d. none of the above

Describe how a negative feedback loop works in biology.