1. What biochemical feature of a phospholipid molecule allows phospholipids to spontaneously form closed compartments when placed in an aqueous solution?

a) they are amphipathic

b) they are charged

c) they are spherical

d) they have a single fatty acid tail

2. Other than phospholipids, what molecule do cells use to alter the fluidity of biological membranes?

3. What distinguishes active transport from passive transport?

a) active transport can utilize channel proteins

b) passive transport does not utilize carrier/transporter proteins

c) active transport requires the input of energy

d) active transport only occurs at the plasma membrane

4. In the case of active transport, the Na+/K+ pump undergoes a sequence of conformational changes that allows the movement of Na+ and K+ across a membrane against their electrochemical gradients, while in the case of ER protein import SRP undergoes a sequence of conformational changes to allow the signal sequence to interact with the translocation pore. What drives these conformational changes?

a) hydrolysis of a high energy phosphate bond

b) binding of a solute or protein

c) both

d) neither

5. Is protein import into the ER co-transcriptional, or co-translational?

PLEASE, I NEED TO DESCRIBE EVERY STEPS REALLY WELL. STEPS TO HANDLE AND PREPARE THE SAMPLE AND THEN, STEPS OF RNAseq.

Sequencing RNA from a single circulating tumour cell:

A research laboratory has isolated a CTC from a patient and would like a description of how you would process the sample and how you would sequence all non‐coding RNA from the cell.

a) Describe the steps involved in HOW you would prepare the RNA for RNAseq;

b) HOW RNAseq works.

Also explain WHY each step was done and consider the most appropriate method for isolating non‐coding RNA and removing rRNA from your sample.

what is the relationship of osmolality and tonicity as they relate to understanding aqueous environment in living system.

Which of the following statements about invasive species is true?

-All invasive species were dispersed by humans intentionally.

-All species' introductions are harmless.

-Invasive species are a problem for terrestrial environments, while their impacts are often limited in aquatic environments.

-Invasive species outcompete native species, often changing their habitats.

Describe how the protein structure of a voltage-dependent sodium channel generates its functional properties in as much detail as possible. Be sure to include: conductance of sodium ions across a phospholipid bilayer, selectivity for sodium, voltage-dependent activation (m3h) and inactivation.

What is the key difference between parapatric and sympratic speciation? In circumstances where a genus forms two genetically distinct populations with one living in a tree and another living in a bush, which kind of speciation is being exhibited?

1. a. Consider the following sequences, which are pieces of a larger, independently folding polypeptide. Which sequence is more likely to form an alpha helix, and which is more likely to form a beta-hairpin—a two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet in which the strands are separated by a turn?

Sequence A: I F I C T T G P N A T V I C V F V

Sequence B: M D R L M E A M A K L D H L L A E

b. How do the structures of the residues I, V, and T versus L and M contribute to the conformational preferences of these two sequences?

c. Which residues likely form the turn between the stands in the beta-hairpin? Why are these residues suited for this structure?

Describe the pathophysiologic mechanism of syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion, and explain why plasma levels of vasopressin can be normal in these patients.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration (getting energy from food) involves four steps: Glycolysis, the Intermediate Acetyl CoA Reaction (Prep Reaction), the Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain. State:

where each of the four steps takes place in a cell

how many ATP are generated at each step, if at all

what is the starting (ie. glucose or pyruvate) and ending substance for each step

Comparison of the NMJ vs the synapse .

Side by side, draw and label the cells and key factors involved in cell to cell transmission between neuron to neuron and neuron to muscle call. List two diseases where transmission at these junctions in negatively affected. List two medications that target the synapse and expalin how they work.

2.Consider the 7 properties common to all living organisms. Is a fire alive? _______   DESCRIBE the properties of life and how each are shared or not shared with a forest fire. (7 pts)

3. Hydrogen is less electronegative than oxygen and nitrogen. Explain how this difference effects life. Mention water, DNA, proteins…. (8pts

For each of the following, identify what characteristics of a species male and female karyotype would indicate that mechanism of sex-determination. In each case, list a characteristic that would be specific to only that sex-determination system if possible. If no such characteristic is possible, specify which other sex-determination system would show the same karyotype characteristic.

(A) Genic

(B) XY sex chromosomes:

(C) ZW sex chromosomes

(D) Haplo-diploid genomes

(E) XO sex chromosomes

(F) Environmental