Biological Anthropology: Ch. 3- Genetics: Reproducing Life & Producing Variation Ch. 4-Genes Their Evolution: Population Genetics

(Please TYpe)

Chapter 4

1. Microevolution, macroevolution

2. Reproductive isolation

3. Hardy-Weinberg Law

4. Four forces of evolution

5. Mutation types

6. Three patterns of natural selection

7. Admixture, founder’s effect

Chapter 5

1. Race: historical and modern concepts, issues with the concept, etc.

2. Blumenbach, Boas, Lewontin

3. Four levels of human adaptation

4. Terms related to adaptation (stress, homeostasis, plasticity, functional adaptation)

5. Physiological adaptation (acclimation, acclimatization)

6. Physiological adaptations to hot and cold climates and high altitudes

7. Developmental acclimatization and high altitudes

8. Bergmann’s rule and Allen’s rule

9. Skin color and UV radiation / latitude

10. Why skin color is dark or light

Biological Anthropology: Ch. 2- Evolution: Constructing a fundamental scientific theory

(Please TYPE answers)

1. General belief system in Middle Ages

2. Great chain of being, fixity of species, grand design

3. Main figures preceding Darwin and their contribution (Ray, Hooke, Linnaeus, Hutton, Cuvier, Malthus, Lamarck, Lyell, Wallace)

4. Evolution vs. natural selection

5. Main aspects of Darwin’s theory of natural selection

6. What Darwin couldn’t explain

7. The level that natural selection and evolution each work on

8. Blending inheritance

9. Mendel and his experiments

10. Terms related to Mendelian inheritance (allele, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous)

11. Evolutionary synthesis

12. Who contributed to determining DNA’s structure (Watson, Crick, Franklin)

What could cause a difference in vitals between left side vs right side?

10. A woman with average height, and type A- blood, and a man with type B+ blood and achondroplastic dwarfism, have a daughter with type O- blood, average height and cystic fibrosis.

What are the genes found in the gamete the father produced that led to the child? Start with ABO, Rh, height, cystic fibrosis, and sex.

(Separate each gene by a comma, e.g. the gamete produced by a blue-eyed, hairless knuckled person would contain b, kn).

Answer:

11.A woman with average height, and type A- blood, and a man with type B+ blood and achondroplastic dwarfism, have a daughter with type O- blood, average height and cystic fibrosis.

What is the probability of the gamete the mother produced carrying the genes that led to the offspring?

Select one:

a. 1/32

b. 1/16

c. 1/8

d. 1/4

e. 0

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1. If you perform a 1:5 dilution of a 1M solution, how many parts of the 1M solution do you use, and how many parts of the diluent do you use?

2. You have a 5X stock solution. You want to make 100 ml of a 0.5X solution. How would you determine the volume of the 5X solution and the diluent to use?
   1. Show the amount that you calculated of the 5X solution.
3. 2. How much diluent do you add to the solution to generate the 0.5X solution?

3. You want to perform a serial dilution using four consecutive 1:10 dilutions on a solution (Solution A), and end with 200 µl of your final solution:
   1. How would you do this? Explain.
4. 2. What is the concentration of your final solution compared to your initial solution? If you started with a solution that was 1X, what is the final solution in terms of X?

Summarize the Metabolic Adaptations to exercise training for each of the following: (briefly describe the overall change and then the impact of that change)

-Fuel supply (CHO-FAT-PRO)

-Enzyme activity

-Oxygen utilization

-Lactate accumulation

-ATP Production/storage/turnover

Biological Anthropology: Ch. 3- Genetics: Reproducing Life & Producing Variation

(Please TYPE)

1. Cell types

2. DNA (nucleotides, complementary base pairing, functions)

3. Chromosomes, homologous chromosomes, chromosome types

4. Mitosis, meiosis

5. Proteins, protein types, protein synthesis

6. RNA (vs. DNA)

7. Genes and the three types

8. Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment

9. Codominance

10. Polygenic traits, pleiotropic genes

1. Under which model of sexual selection is sexual conflict responsible for the evolution of male ornaments or display traits?

Select one:

a. Run-away sexual selection

b. Chase-away sexual selection

c. Both run-away and chase-away sexual selection

2. Under both run-away or chase-away sexual selection models, a mail display trait will evolve to become increasingly exaggerated / extreme, until...

Select one:

a. It is halted from further exaggeration by natural selection

b. female preference changes in the opposite direction

c. female fitness goes down

d. the species goes extinct

3. In both run-away and chase-away sexual selection, exaggerated male ornaments and display traits are:

Select one:

a. adaptations to the environment

b. not necessarily beneficial under natural selection

c. in conflict with female fitness

d. honest indicators of male genetic quality

4. Under the run-away model of sexual selection, female preference for male display traits is:

Select one:

a. genetically linked to the male display trait

b. detrimental to female fitness

c. acted upon by natural selection

d. an adaptation

5. True or False: The chase-away sexual selection model predicts the evolution of female resistance to male ornaments and display traits.

Select one:

a.True

b. False

A Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Lab was done: 10 algae beads were placed in cuvettes labeled LIGHT and DARK with a color indicator and then LIGHT was placed under a bright lamp and DARK was placed next to it but wrapped in tinfoil. The pH was taken per the color indicator and the Absorbance was also taken (every 5 minutes for 45 minutes).

It was calculated that the slope LIGHT is 0.1261 and the slope DARK is -0.1491. pH increased the fastest in the LIGHT all the way up to 9.0 after 45 minutes and the ph DARK began at 8.0 but then slowly decreased to 7.0 after 45 minutes

I believe that the negative number indicates CO2 rate increases in the dark but decreases in the light as seen by the positive number ---

The question asks---> 1. Look up current ocean pH values. How do the current values compare to those from previous years? ((my answer: 8.1 pH today and 8.2 pH previously (slightly basic with a 0.1 pH drop). This represents a 25% increase in acidity over the last 2 centuries.)). Next, consider what you have just learned about algae and how the chemistry of the indicator used in the experiments you just performed works. Hypothesize why oceans are at their current pH. How is the pH of the ocean changing and why? How might this affect the organisms that live in the ocean?

Imagine that you have the DNA sequences from the intron of a gene in three species called A, B, and C. Species A and B are most closely related, while C is more distantly related. The sequences of A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differ by 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 base pairs. Fossils show that species A and B diverged about 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence as to when the most recent common ancestor of all three species lived. Use the genetic data to estimate that date. What assumptions are you making to get this estimate?

Global Health

Write a short essay (300 – 500 words) APA Style to answer the following question: What does global burden of a disease mean? Explain how global health researchers tend to measure how significant a health issue is (that is, its global burden and list some methods used for estimating disease burden in the population.

A 55-year-old Cambodian man, who “has never seen a doctor”, was found to be mildly anemic at the time of establishing care with a community-based family medicine physician. His CBC showed: hemoglobin 11.8 g/dL, RBC 5.9 x10⁶/µL, MCV 65 fL, MCH 20 pg, MCHC 29.3 g/dL, reticulocytes 176 x10³/µL, WBC normal, platelets normal. The most likely diagnosis is:

Iron deficiency anemia

Sickle cell trait

Aplastic anemia

Thalassemia minor