6. You are wandering in the wilderness, naked, hungry, and cold. You find two caves of the same dimensions. In one cave there is 600 kg moose and in the other cave are 100,000 6-gram mice. Both species are very friendly and they have an unlimited supply of food.

a. Which cave would you enter to warm up quickly? (you cannot eat the animals!!). Why?

b. If you were to isolate mitochondria from the liver of the moose and livers of the mice, how would the State 4 respiration rates differ? How does this relate to your answer in question 6a? It is to your advantage to give as detailed an answer as possible because it will help you integrate the material from the subcellular to the whole-animal level.

Explain some problems and solutions to conserve for the Connecticut River Watershed in two paragraphs

Write an essay on the following topic “Should companies posess the right to patent genes in crops.” In this discussion please highlight clearly the advantages and disadvantages.

Must include references or citations

(unicellular vs metazoan), use no more than a few short sentences to speculate why one organism might encode the protein and another may not. Your reasoning should include reference to the type of protein and how it works in general terms.

read "why infectious disease research needs community ecology" and write a paragraph of at least 130 words each.

1c. Name some immune-related proteins you expect to be on the surface of RAW macrophages and the functions of them.

1d. Regardless of the species of origin, most cell lines are derived from some kind of cancer. Why is this?

1. Describe the roles that microorganisms have in the global cycles of nitrogen (N) or sulphur (S)?

5. What are the major components of viruses? Describe the replication cycle of a lytic bacteriophage.

Briefly summarize the complex life cycle of a vector-borne pathogen of your choice. Describe the point in the life cycle at which we should intervene to halt disease progression.

Process Mapping: Hospital Response Chain (A Question for the course of Introduction to Information System)

When someone calls 9‐1‐1, there are a series of actions and responses that get triggered, collectively known as the pre‐hospital response chain. This chain is described below.

The Call for Help

When an individual experiences a medical, they typically call 9‐1‐1 for help. It is important that the patient stays on the phone to provide the necessary information about the emergency situation. The patient relays important information to both 9‐1‐1 and the health communication centre.

9‐1‐1 Emergency Service

The 9‐1‐1 dispatcher's responsibility is to take the 9‐1‐1 call for help and determine if the situation requires police, firefighters or ambulance services. In some emergency situations, more than one service can be dispatched2. The 9‐1‐1 dispatcher also needs to identify the patient’s location so that the appropriate type of ambulance can be dispatched (land, air or water)3. To make these assessments, there are a series of questions that are asked. The patient plays an important role in answering these questions. The 9‐1‐1 dispatcher collects all of the information needed to make these assessments and enters it into the 9‐1‐1 system. Once all the pertinent information has been collected, the information and   call   are   then   immediately   transferred   to   the   health   communication   centre.   Otherwise,   the dispatcher continues to work with the patient on understanding the situation.

Health Communication Centre

The health communication centre’s (HCC) responsibility is to review the information sent by the 9‐1‐1 dispatcher and speak to the patient to assess the nature of the situation and, most importantly, prioritize the response of the ambulance services. Additional information from the patient is typically required to do so. Prioritization is key in situations where there are multiple emergency situations. If the HCC dispatcher determines that the situation is urgent, the medical and emergency information, as captured in the HCC system, is transferred to the ambulance service, and the required number of ambulances dispatched to the scene. In situations that are not considered urgent, alternative methods of transportation are then arranged.

Ambulance Service

An ambulance service has a series of responsibilities when they are dispatched. The ambulance service is alerted to the emergency via their on‐board system.    Using the location information provided, the ambulance service is then responsible for ensuring the appropriate route is taken using the navigational component of their on‐board system. Depending on the weather conditions, location, and time of day, the best route may change. Once the ambulance service arrives at the scene, they are responsible for assessing the situation and determining whether the patient needs to be stabilized at the scene first. Depending on location, assessment, and priority, the ambulance service first determines which hospital is best suited for the patient. If the patient requires stabilization, the ambulance service will work with that hospital to stabilize the patient. Specifically, they speak with the doctors at the hospital using their hands‐free mobile phones to relay the status of the patient and to receive stabilization instructions. The patient is not transported until they are in a stable condition. Once the patient is stabilized, the ambulance service continues to work with the doctors to determine whether the patient’s situation is still critical and requires hospital care. If that is no longer the case, the ambulance service will return to their dispatch station and complete a vehicle and supply report and a scene report.

On route to the hospital, the ambulance service will relay all critical information to the destination hospital using their on‐board system as well as calling them to provide an updated patient status and estimated time of arrival. This enables the hospital to complete all the necessary preparations. When the ambulance service arrives at the hospital with the patient, the patient’s status is verbally transferred to the receiving physician at that hospital. At this point, the physician and team of health professionals assess and care for the patient.

After the patient transfer is complete, there are a series of reports that need to be written and submitted by the ambulance services: 1, Patient Care and Transfer Report; 2, Scene Report (if needed) 3, Patient Invoice 4, Vehicle and Supply Report

The patient care and transfer report is used by the hospital to fill in the patient chart and can be used to determine on‐going treatment. The ambulance service completes this report before leaving the hospital using their on‐board system and electronically submits it to the hospital. When this report is created, a scene report is not needed. A scene report is only created when the patient is not transferred to a local hospital, but assessment and care are provided at the scene. The scene report is for internal tracking purposes.

A patient invoice will be sent to the patient through the mail by the ambulance service: the typical cost for an ambulance service is $45 but if the receiving physician deemed the trip to be unnecessary, the bill will increase to $240. This information is provided by the physician in his verbal report to the ambulance service before they leave the hospital.

Finally, a vehicle and supply report will be created, for internal purposes, to track vehicle mileage, gas along with wear and tear. If there are any concerns with the vehicle or if maintenance is required the vehicle is sent to the fleet garage along with a paper report documenting the concerns. The vehicle is returned to the ambulance service when the repairs or maintenance are completed.

An inventory of the supplies on board the ambulance is taken and a list of the items needed to be replenished is electronically sent to the medical supplies warehouse via EDI for restocking. It is essential that those items are shipped quickly so that the ambulance is prepared for the next emergency.   The ambulance always has reserves on board, but keeping those reserves replenished ensures they will not run out of supplies in an emergency situation.

Requirement: Draw the Process Map for the Hospital Chain Scenario

(Note: 1, Assume that the individual can call for 9‐1‐1 on their own. 2 In assignment we only have to focus on the land ambulance service; sub‐processes for the other services do not need to be elaborated on.)

You’d like to test whether the same culture of bacterial cells produces lipopolysaccharides. Luckily, there’s a basic chemical test that you can perform to find out. The sample for your test will be an aliquot of the bacterial culture, which is growing in standard LB media. How would you prepare the (a) positive and (b) negative controls for this chemical test?

Verbally OR mathematically communicate the relationships between the intensity of light incident on a sample, the intensity of light transmitted through a sample, absorbance, and transmittance.

Being aware of your expertise in microbiology a colleague has sent you four different strains of unknown bacteria and asks you to help in identifying each isolate.

Table 1 lists some characteristics you have determined for each isolate (Strain A, Strain B, Strain C and Strain D).

Table 1. Characteristics of four unknown bacteria isolates.

1. Based on the information in Table 1 suggest a possible genus for each strain. Clearly explain the key characteristics and your reasoning for your proposed identifications. It is NOT necessary to provide identification to species.                        

b. What techniques could you use to confirm your suggested identification for each isolate and enable you to determine identification to species?

9. Define and briefly describe in the space below the processes of digital image capture, image enhancement and image analysis in microscopy.