5. Below is a table showing composition data for clove oil, obtained using two different detection methods (with the same sample), FID and mass spectrometry. Explain why the composition (based on relative peak areas of the GC trace) is different for these data sets. Are either of these the “real” composition of the clove oil?

Hint: Response factor

The main topic or concept will be “CELLULAR RESPIRATION and PHOTOSYNTHESIS”. From this main concept, you will branch out and link to the other concepts.

Link the concepts with connectors and labels if there are concepts that are linked between units. Note: the connecting arrows do not have to be linear, they may be curved.

You may choose to use the ILC Mind Mapping Tool to create your concept map.

Tips for constructing a Concept Map:

• Start with a major theme or concept. This is usually at the top of the page or in the middle of the page, but it does not have to be.
• Shift is from more complex to less complex idea or major to minor. These ideas or concepts should be contained in boxes or ovals and should only be one or two words.
• Connecting lines are drawn between concepts to recognize their relationships. Linking words are placed on the lines stating the relationship between concepts. Linking words: Contains, is a part of, involves, uses, etc.
• Cross links can be made between one part of the concept hierarchy or classification and another.
• Optional: Colour can be used to follow relationships or as a visual aid.

Sample Concept Map

Below is an example of a concept map that explores concepts related to the conservation of momentum.

Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism (McKee page 317-323)

1. Compare activities of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase based on storing glucose energy in a cell
2. Describe the stimulus for the pancreas to release glucagon based on blood glucose concentration
3. Describe the target for the glucagon signal based on the cell type that has receptors for glucagon
4. Describe the activity of glycogen phosphorylase based on glucagon stimulation of the cell
5. Describe the activity of glycogen synthase based on glucagon stimulation of the cell
6. Describe the result of glucagon stimulation based on glucose release to the blood
7. Describe the activity of glycogen synthase based on insulin stimulation of the cell
8. Describe the activity of glycogen phosphorylase based on insulin stimulation of the cell

What are the ways in which electrical and chemical synapses differ? What implications do these differences have on how they are used in the nervous system?

What is an EPP? What is a MEPP? What is a subthreshold EPP? How do they differ?

What does it mean to say that neurotransmitter release is quantal? How do studies of EPPs reveal this fact? What does one quantum of neurotransmitter represent?

What experiments show that calcium influx is the trigger for neurotransmitter release? What criteria define a neurotransmitter? What experiments address each of these criteria?

What determines whether a postsynaptic cell is depolarized or hyperpolarized by a neurotransmitter?

What are the two different categories of neurotransmitter receptors? How do they differ?

What is an EPC? How is it related to an EPP?

What does the reversal potential of an EPC represent? Why is it important to know?

What is the difference between an EPSP and an IPSP? What determines what kind of PSP it is?

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Infertility is the inability to conceive a child. A couple may be considered infertile if, after two years of regular sexual intercourse, without contraception, the woman has not become pregnant (and there is no other reason, such as breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea). Primary infertility is infertility in a couple who have never had a child. Secondary infertility is failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy. Infertility may be caused by infection in the man or woman, but often there is no obvious underlying cause.

Q: You are required to write a 2000 words detail report on the below topic.

- General diseases that increase the risk of infertility in male and female

Text

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Infertility is the inability to conceive a child. A couple may be considered infertile if, after two years of regular sexual intercourse, without contraception, the woman has not become pregnant (and there is no other reason, such as breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea). Primary infertility is infertility in a couple who have never had a child. Secondary infertility is failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy. Infertility may be caused by infection in the man or woman, but often there is no obvious underlying cause.

Q: You are required to write a 2000 words detail report on the below topic.

- Genetic factors that cause infertility in male and female

Text

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Infertility is the inability to conceive a child. A couple may be considered infertile if, after two years of regular sexual intercourse, without contraception, the woman has not become pregnant (and there is no other reason, such as breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea). Primary infertility is infertility in a couple who have never had a child. Secondary infertility is failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy. Infertility may be caused by infection in the man or woman, but often there is no obvious underlying cause.

Q: You are required to write a 2000 words detail report on the below topic.

- Age-related factors, contributing to infertility in female

Topic: parasite diseases, prevention approaches, control and future perspective ( Please write a review for this topic )

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Infertility is the inability to conceive a child. A couple may be considered infertile if, after two years of regular sexual intercourse, without contraception, the woman has not become pregnant (and there is no other reason, such as breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea). Primary infertility is infertility in a couple who have never had a child. Secondary infertility is failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy. Infertility may be caused by infection in the man or woman, but often there is no obvious underlying cause.

Q: You are required to write a 2000 words detail report on the below topic.

- Environmental factors that cause infertility in male and female

Evolution occurs as a result of natural selection. You have looked into the fossil evidence of the transition as well as the genetic basis of the genes responsible. For this section, theorize and describe how natural selection selected for the adaptation and why it was successful for the organisms in question.

Problem #6

Explain the influence of aging on each of the following:

Drug metabolism through CYP3A4 (consider both gut and liver)

Glucuronidation

Sulfation

Acetylation

A mother has a germ line mutation in Toll Like Receptor 4. Will her children carry this mutation? Will her children be affected by this mutation? Briefly explain your reasoning. Part b. Briefly explain the functional importance of TLRs within the context of an immune response.

Case #2

A 30 year old female patient comes to your retail pharmacy to pick up a prescription for Tylenol #3 (acetaminophen + codeine) for pain control. You enter the prescription into the computer system and the computer’s interaction checker flags an interaction between Tylenol #3 and the patient’s fluoxetine prescription. Answer questions 1-3 regarding this case.

. What would you expect to see if you give codeine to: a) a poor metabolizer for the enzym CYP2D6 and b) an ultra-rapid metabolizer of the enzyme CYP2D6.

Case #3

C.G., A 29 year-old female (yof) patient, presents for inpatient care. You are working as a staff pharmacist in the hospital pharmacy and are asked to verify/fill her prescriptions. Her current medications are for rifampin, nifedipine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine, valproate sodium, and lamotrigine. Please identify at least three potential biotransformation-related drug interactions in the scenario above and describe the potential mechanism for the interaction. Describe the expected effect (i.e., increased/decreased parent drug concentration, increased/decreased metabolite concentration).

Interaction #1 & effect on plasma concentrations –

Interaction #2 & effect on plasma concentrations –

Interaction #3 & effect on plasma concentrations -

A week later, C.G. is still in the hospital. She is very hypertensive and the physician elects to start IV propranolol 2 mg. Is this an appropriate dose of propranolol for hypertension management when the patient goes home? If not, why not?

In addition to her hypertension, C.G. developed an arrhythmia. The physician ordered lidocaine to be given IV. Initially, this drug produced a therapeutic plasma concentration (Css total of 4 mg/L). This drug has a high extraction ratio and is highly bound to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. A few days after starting the drug, the total plasma concentration remained the same, but the free drug concentration was found to be increased.

What is a potential explanation for this change in free drug concentration?

Why would total concentration stay the same? What factors would alter the total drug concentration (Css) of lidocaine?

Your evil roommate creates a device that slows the rate of rotation of planet Earth from a 24-hour period of rotation to a 48-hour period of rotation. Holy cow evil roommate, this is extreme! Given that each day is now 48 hours long, predict how the difference between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures at the equator would change. How do you think this would affect the plants growing at the equator?

When would serine 32 be phosphorylated, during glycolysis or gluconeogenesis?