Describe the pathophysiologic mechanism of syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion, and explain why plasma levels of vasopressin can be normal in these patients.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration (getting energy from food) involves four steps: Glycolysis, the Intermediate Acetyl CoA Reaction (Prep Reaction), the Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain. State:

where each of the four steps takes place in a cell

how many ATP are generated at each step, if at all

what is the starting (ie. glucose or pyruvate) and ending substance for each step

Comparison of the NMJ vs the synapse .

Side by side, draw and label the cells and key factors involved in cell to cell transmission between neuron to neuron and neuron to muscle call. List two diseases where transmission at these junctions in negatively affected. List two medications that target the synapse and expalin how they work.

2.Consider the 7 properties common to all living organisms. Is a fire alive? _______   DESCRIBE the properties of life and how each are shared or not shared with a forest fire. (7 pts)

3. Hydrogen is less electronegative than oxygen and nitrogen. Explain how this difference effects life. Mention water, DNA, proteins…. (8pts

For each of the following, identify what characteristics of a species male and female karyotype would indicate that mechanism of sex-determination. In each case, list a characteristic that would be specific to only that sex-determination system if possible. If no such characteristic is possible, specify which other sex-determination system would show the same karyotype characteristic.

(A) Genic

(B) XY sex chromosomes:

(C) ZW sex chromosomes

(D) Haplo-diploid genomes

(E) XO sex chromosomes

(F) Environmental

Reproductive isolation is a major way two new species can arise from two populations of organisms that started out as one species. Using complete sentences, give and explain FOUR ways that two populations could become reproductively isolated. Give two prezygotic barriers and two postzygotic barriers.

Treatment of cells with the BOBA drug induces apoptosis of cells and leads to DNA fragmentation.

A) (4pts) Describe the cellular mechanism that causes DNA fragmentation during apoptosis to occur. (4 sentence max)

B) (8pts) Describe an experiment, step by step, that can be used to determine how many hours after BOBA treatment DNA fragmentation occurs. (8 sentence max)

C) (4pts) One of your friends said they would use an Annexin V and PI staining technique to identify how many hours post BOBA treatment DNA fragmentation occurs. Why won’t this experimental method work to answer this experimental question? (4 sentence max)

Hepatitis C is a chronic liver infection that can be either silent (with no noticeable symptoms) or debilitating. Either way, 80% of infected persons experience continuing liver destruction. Chronic hepatitis C infection is the leading cause of liver transplants in the United States. The virus that causes it is blood borne, and therefore patients who undergo frequent procedures involving transfer of blood are particularly susceptible to infection. Kidney dialysis patients belong to this group. In 2008, a for-profit hemodialysis facility in New York was shut down after nine of its patients were confirmed as having become infected with hepatitis C while undergoing hemodialysis treatments there between 2001 and 2008.

When the investigation was conducted in 2008, investigators found that 20 of the facility’s 162 patients had been documented with hepatitis C infection at the time they began their association with the clinic. All the current patients were then offered hepatitis C testing, to determine how many had acquired hepatitis C during the time they were receiving treatment at the clinic. They were considered positive if enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests showed the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis C virus.

Health officials did not test the workers at the hemodialysis facility for hepatitis C because they did not view them as likely sources of the nine new infections. Why not?

Why do you think patients were tested for antibody to the virus instead of for the presence of the virus itself

What kind of reaction occurs when anti-tTG is bind to the tissue transglutaminase? What kind of biosensor can measure their reaction? How will the measurement be made for their reaction?

When allograft grafts are in the recipient, and the tumor cell is in the body,

explain the similarities and differences between the implant and the tumor cell. (Immunologically)

How can i answer this??

Consider the structures that are referred to as ‘ketone bodies’. A. What metabolic states can lead to their formation? B. What organ absolutely requires these structures as an energy source? And why? C. Outline their syntheses starting from acetylCoA. D. The formation of excess levels of ketone bodies (ketosis) is a bad thing for the organism? Why exactly? E. When a person is experiencing ketosis, it is sometimes mistaken for excess alcohol consumption. Why? There are 2 distinct reasons why this mistake may be made. What are they?

A gene is 8,001 nucleotides in length. Studies of this gene show that it encodes a protein only 400 amino acids long – far shorter than the 2,667 amino acids that were expected. This is best explained by the fact:

nucleotides often break off and are lost during the transcription process.

the genetic code is ambiguous (unclear).

in some cases, many nucleotides are used to encode a single amino acid.

many of the 8,001 nucleotides of the gene are ultimately noncoding.

Assuming that a diploid genomic locus has 3-alleles, A, C and G, in a population of N individuals, in generation “t”, such that the frequency of each of these alleles are p, q, and r respectively, derive the two tenets of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium after one generation of random mating.

AcetylCoA is considered a high energy molecule because hydrolysis of the thioester bond is very exergonic (∆G is - ). In contrast, the analogous oxyester would not be nearly as exergonic. Why is that? Provide one free energy diagram to show hydrolysis of both a thioester and an oxyester. Also provide an explanation for the difference in stability between thioesters and oxyesters. Your explanation should include relevant electron configurations and orbital overlap considerations