1. What is the overall outcome of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
3. Describe the pathway of electron transfer from photosystem II to photosystem I in light dependent reactions.
4. How and why would the end products of photosynthesis be changed if a plant had a mutation that eliminated its photosystem II complex?
5. Which part of the light-independent reactions would be affected if a cell could not produce the enzyme RuBisCO?
6. Why does it take three turns of the Calvin cycle to produce G3P, the initial product of photosynthesis?
7. Figure 10.6 Which of the following is the correct order of events in mitosis? a. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. The kinetochore becomes attached to the mitotic spindle. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides. Cohesin proteins break down and the sister chromatids separate. b. The kinetochore becomes attached to the mitotic spindle. Cohesin proteins break down and the sister chromatids separate. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides. c. The kinetochore becomes attached to the cohesin proteins. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. The kinetochore breaks down and the sister chromatids separate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides. d. The kinetochore becomes attached to the mitotic spindle. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. Cohesin proteins break down and the sister chromatids separate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides.
8. ___________ are changes to the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
9. Identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere are called _____.
10. List some reasons why a cell that has just completed cytokinesis might enter the G0 phase instead of the G1 phase.
11. What cell-cycle events will be affected in a cell that produces mutated (non-functional) cohesin protein? 1
2. Describe the general conditions that must be met at each of the three main cell-cycle checkpoints.
13. Explain the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene.
14. p53 can trigger apoptosis if certain cell-cycle events fail. How does this regulatory outcome benefit a multicellular organism?
15. Describe how the duplicated bacterial chromosomes are distributed into new daughter cells without the direction of the mitotic spindle.
In: Biology
Describe how a signal that is relatively low in number can be amplified within the cell. For a complete answer, you need to include all the players and show how the signal is amplified.
In: Biology
What strategies the pharmaceutical industry is using to create pressure on doctors to prescribe certain medications. How is it influencing the doctor-patient relationship? Please discuss and relate it to the theoretical models discussed in class.
In: Biology
Two diseases that are associated with specific HLA types. Report your findings below; each description should include which HLA antigen is associated and the specific effect on the patient?
In: Biology
Read the article below and answer the questions (article should be 1 page, 11-point font). The article is provided via the link below
https://web.natur.cuni.cz/zoologie/biodiversity/prednasky/EvolucniGenetika/clanky_2016/Transgenerational-epig-inheritance-Science-2016.pdf
Primary Paper HW assignment guideline
Your primary paper consists of three parts:
1. In your own words, state the essential take-home message of the paper assigned.
--Here you should briefly mention what was known about this topic before this paper was published
--Then state what the aim/goal/purpose of this published study was. In other words, what did the authors set out to do?
--Also describe why this research is important (if you think it is important)/ what are the researchers hoping to contribute to the existing knowledge.
2. State how the authors demonstrated the essential point of the paper: what experiments and what methods they used to prove the point
--In this section, you should link how a particular approach/method was used to obtain a particular result and why it would be important/relevant. For example:
--Authors used method A to get/show result B. Result B is important because (it supports their original hypothesis in the following way/describe how/ or it provides novel findings regarding mechanism X
--Continue the bulleted list to correlate specific method with the specific result and how it supports the claims made in the paper.
3. Discuss the strengths and significance of the paper and also the weaknesses and indicate additional lines of investigation that you think would be worth pursuing that were opened up by the paper.
--Here I want you to critique the experimental approach and author’s conclusions, not their writing style or format of the paper. Also, keep in mind that these are primary research articles published in scientific journals, so they are intended for a scientific, not general audience. Hence the language could be a bit dense.
--I want you to be very specific here. Do not write general and vague statements. Instead, refer to specific data in the paper (in figure X, or table Y) and indicate any possible flaws or limitations of the experiment.
--Propose possible future directions or follow up studies. You can look up papers that cited this research or follow up on the last author’s subsequent research.
--Explain if this paper contributed anything new to the field and if it enables a better understanding of the subject.
In: Biology
my bacteria is streptococcus pyogenes
Culture Requirements:
Culture Requirements:
Biochemical Test Reactions: [include photos of these in your wiki]
Interesting or Unusual Characteristics:
Infections / Disease Associations:
Mode(s) of Transmission:
Treatment:
References:
Biochemical Test Reactions: [include photos of these in your wiki]
Interesting or Unusual Characteristics:
Infections / Disease Associations:
Mode(s) of Transmission:
Treatment:
References:
In: Biology
1. You are attempting to record an action potential from a nerve but nothing is happening. Can you explain why this might be the case? You should mention in your answer: current; voltage; ion concentrations; how action potentials are produced; the affect that you would expect single and multiple stimulations may have on the possible recording (summation, refractory periods and tetany).
In: Biology
In: Biology
9.
What is FALSE about somatic division?
Select one:
a. The somatic division is made of somatic motor neurons that target only the skeletal muscle cells or muscle fibers.
b. A motor unit is one somatic motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
c. The somatic motor neuron secrets acetylcholine (ACh) from the axon terminal.
d. If ACh binds to the nicotinic receptor at the motor end plate of the muscle fiber, the responds is excitatory.
e. If ACh binds to acetylcholine esterase at the motor end plate of the muscle fiber, the responds is inhibitory because acetylcholine esterase will break up ACh into acetyl and choline.
f. All of the above
g. None of the above
10.
The synapse between somatic motor neuron and muscle fiber is at the neuromuscular junction that is composed of the axon terminal of the somatic motor neuron and the motor-end-plate of the muscle fiber.
Select one:
a. True
b. False
11.
What is TRUE about the autonomic division? There may be more than one answer.
Select one or more:
a. The autonomic division consists of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions that target the cardiac cells, smooth muscle cells, and glands.
b. The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are made of pre-ganglionic neuron that synapses with the post-ganglionic neuron at the neuromuscular junction.
c. The pre-ganglionic neuron of both parasympathetic and sympathetic would secrete acetylcholine at the axon terminal and it would bind to the nicotinic receptor at the dendrites/cell body of the post-ganglionic neuron.
d. The post-ganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic would secrete acetylcholine to the target cells. At the target cells, the acetylcholine would bind to the nicotinic receptor.
e. The post-ganglionic neuron of the sympathetic would secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine. At the target cells, the norepinephrine and epinephrine would bind to the adrenergic receptors (alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, or beta 3).
12.
What is the CORRECT statement about the parasympathetic division? There may be more than one answer.
Select one or more:
a. Only acetylcholine is secreted from the post-ganglionic neuron to the target cells.
b. Nicotinic receptors are at the heart, GI tract, and bronchioles.
c. In the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), parasympathetic neurons will cause the smooth muscle cells to relax, causing the walls of the intestines to dilate.
d. In the blood vessels, parasympathetic neurons will cause the smooth muscle cells to contract, causing the blood vessels to vasoconstrict.
e. In the bronchioles, parasympathetic neurons will cause bronchoconstriction.
In: Biology
In: Biology
Briefly discuss how one estimates the amount of wastewater in any given situation and its importance.
In: Biology
. In the primary sequence of a protein, a valine is substituted in place of a glutamic acid. Which of the following statements is true? a. This is a transition from a non-polar amino acid to a polar amino acid. b. This will affect the secondary protein structure. c. This is a transition from a hydrophobic amino acid to a hydrophilic amino acid. d. This will have no effect on the protein. e. This is a silent mutation.
In: Biology
Explain the need for and the basics of water treatment.
In: Biology
Myoglobin and the individual subunits of hemoglobin are similar in both size and structure. Of the two, which would you predict contains a greater percentage of hydrophobic amino acids, and why?
In: Biology
answer these following of questions and explain the reason
21) Please complete this statement: Due to meiosis, while all of a person’s chromosomes come from their parents, all of their chromosomes…
a) …are identical to those of their parents
b) …are not identical to those of their parents.
c) ….are more similar to their cousins than their parents
d) …have such great variation that speciation is possible in every generation
22) Charles Darwin is best known for:
a) formulating the concept of Natural Selection in his book “On the Origin of Species”
b) breeding finches to study the patterns of Mendelian inheritance
c) Formulating the concept of competition and lack of resources for populations’ capacity to reproduce
d) noting the movement of the contiwnents and the fact that they were once joined.
24) Humans are biocultural creatures, and as such:
a) biology is only part of our parenting, we have a drive to pass on “who we are” through more than just our DNA.
b) adults who are not parents can have much to offer the next generation
c) are the only animals which regularly take care of children not biologically their own for long periods of time.
d) all of these are accurate
12) Wallace is known for:
a) coming up with the same concepts as Charles Darwin and sending them to him for help in publishing them
b) proving that the continents were never connected and it was all just a coincidence.
c) being the first person to see “nucleins” in a microscope
25) Europeans and Asians are up to 4% Neanderthal in the DNA, and:
a) other human populations on earth have no other archaic human DNA
b) other human populations on earth have similar percentages of other archaic human DNA
c) Neanderthals never lived in sub-Saharan Africa, so there is no Neanderthal DNA there.
d) both b and c are correct
e) none of the above are supported by Paabo’s research.
In: Biology