Explain the need for and the basics of water treatment.

Myoglobin and the individual subunits of hemoglobin are similar in both size and structure. Of the two, which would you predict contains a greater percentage of hydrophobic amino acids, and why?

answer these following of questions and explain the reason

21) Please complete this statement: Due to meiosis, while all of a person’s chromosomes come from their parents, all of their chromosomes…

a) …are identical to those of their parents

b) …are not identical to those of their parents.

c) ….are more similar to their cousins than their parents

d) …have such great variation that speciation is possible in every generation

22) Charles Darwin is best known for:

a) formulating the concept of Natural Selection in his book “On the Origin of Species”

b) breeding finches to study the patterns of Mendelian inheritance

c) Formulating the concept of competition and lack of resources for populations’ capacity to reproduce

d) noting the movement of the contiwnents and the fact that they were once joined.

24) Humans are biocultural creatures, and as such:

a) biology is only part of our parenting, we have a drive to pass on “who we are” through more than just our DNA.

b) adults who are not parents can have much to offer the next generation

c) are the only animals which regularly take care of children not biologically their own for long periods of time.

d) all of these are accurate

12) Wallace is known for:

a) coming up with the same concepts as Charles Darwin and sending them to him for help in publishing them

b) proving that the continents were never connected and it was all just a coincidence.

c) being the first person to see “nucleins” in a microscope

25) Europeans and Asians are up to 4% Neanderthal in the DNA, and:

a) other human populations on earth have no other archaic human DNA

b) other human populations on earth have similar percentages of other archaic human DNA

c) Neanderthals never lived in sub-Saharan Africa, so there is no Neanderthal DNA there.

d) both b and c are correct

e) none of the above are supported by Paabo’s research.

1. which of the following is (are) required for evolution?

a. high stable genome

b. mutation

c. competition

d. heritable traits

2. what can you conclude about genetic differences and similarities between humans , chimpanzees, and E. coli?

a. most conserved genes

b. fairly conserved genes

c. least conserved genes

humans accelerated genes

polymerases

ribosomal RNAs

3. which of the following is true about the human genome?

a. about half the genome codes for a protein

b. about half the genome is identical between individuals

c. about half the genome consists of introns

d. about half the genome consists of mobile elements

4. what are pseudogenes?

a. genes that are part of a mobile element

b. genes that have undergone multiple rounds of duplication

c. genes that are no longer functional but still resemble functional genes.

5. Urokinase and chymotrypsin ( a digestive enzymes) have one domain in common with each other. This suggests that

a. they eveolve through exon shuffling

b. they are part of a gene family

c. they perform similar functions

6, long introns and short exons promote evolution

a. true

b. false

7. In humans the globin gene family eveolved through

a. gene duplication and mutation

b. exon shuffling

c. frameshift mutation

8. why does gene duplication promote evolution?

a. duplication genes are under less selective pressure

b. duplication genes provide additional templates for DNA repair

c. duplication genes do not promote evolution

d. duplication genes are less likely to mutate

9. which of the following point mutations would have little or no effect on cellular function?

a. mutation from AUA to AUG

b. mutation in regulatory region

c. mutation from CUC to AUU

d. mutation from UUA to UUG

e. mutation in exon

f. mutation in intron

10. scientists have estimated mutation rates by studying mutatant E.coli that are His-. Which of the following is (are) NOT true about the experiment involving His- E. coli?

a. His- mutants requires histidine in the media

b.His- mutants can not tolerate histidine

c. His- mutants spontaneously revert back to His+

d. His- mutants can not digest histidine

11. The National Toxicology Program report in 2016 that cell phone radiation increased brain tumor growth in male rats. Radiation can cause damage and mutations to DNA. Suppose you wished to study this further. You mate these rats and find that the offsprings have normal incidence of tumors. You would conclude that the tumors were most likely due to.

a. changes to somatic cells

b. changes in germ cells

c. changes to gonadal cells

If on the other hand the offspring also had increase tumor growth then you would conclude that the

a. tumor cells were passed down to offsprings

b. changes occur in stem cells

c. changes occur in germ cells

cell phones emit................ raditation when talking than on standby.

a. more

b. less

That would suggest that using a hands-free headset may be beneficial in preventing brain tumors. Ironically if the phone is kept in the pocket during a call using a headset then the genetic changes would be

a. prevented

b. more likely to pass to the next generation

c. less severe

BIOCHEM Question

An inherited mutation can lead to the loss of glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Describe how this will affect the functioning of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and glycogen storage.

Briefly discuss water pollution and give two examples of different sources, and the resulting problems they might cause.

discuss the concepts of relative risk and absolute risk as applied to eating day to day foods. Use examples from the HERP values to dicuss. For example, red meat, particularly meat cured with nitrites, is a Class 1 carcinogen according to the World Health Organisation

What is the difference between virus attachment events and virus entry events that occur at the cell surface?

Describe the Kirby-Bauer test. What is it used for? How is it significant in the world of microbiology? Give examples of how to use the information it can give you.

17. The soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens (taxid:294) is heavy metal tolerant and can survive in industrial waste and degrade and detoxify diverse organic pollutants.

You obtain Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525 which is sensitive to ampicillin (Ap), streptomycin (Sm) and spectinomycin (Sp) but resistant to chloramphenicol (Cm) and nalidixic acid (Nx). This strain is also lacZnegative (devoid of β-galactosidase activity).

You also obtain a donor Escherichia coli strain containing an ampicillin (Ap) resistant suicidal plasmid carrying the minitransposon mTn5-lacZSmSp  (this mTn5 has a promoterless lacZ and expresses Sm and Sp resistance). This strain is not resistant to any other antibiotics.

Consider in this case that cells can develop resistance to each antibiotic gene through spontaneous mutation at the frequency of 1 in 10⁶ cells.

You conjugally mate 10⁹ cells of ATCC 13525 with 10⁹ cells of the E. coli donor strain to construct random mTn5 mutations and identify molecular determinants for cadmium resistance.

1. What combination of antibiotics would you use in the media to select specifically for ATCC 13525::mTn5-lacZSmSp transconjugants and prevent the growth of spontaneous antbiotic resistant mutants?                                                       

2. To prevent secondary mutations from plasmid insertion, you would need to ensure the transconjugant cells had lost the delivery plasmid. How would you confirm the delivery plasmid was no longer present in these mutants?                        (1 mark)

You then replica patch transconjugants onto media containing the chromogenic substrate X-Gal in the presence and absence of cadmium. The following table shows the phenotypes of selected transconjugants.

c. Which mutant(s) have insertions in genes essential for cadmium resistance?

d. Which mutant(s) have insertions in genes up-regulated by cadmium?

e. Which mutant(s) have insertions in genes down-regulated by cadmium?

f. Which mutant(s) have insertions in genes that are constitutively expressed?

g. Which mutant(s) have insertions in genes that are not expressed in both the absence and presence of cadmium?

h. The DNA flanking the mTn5-lacZSmSp mutation was cloned from the cadmium sensitive mutant and the following sequence was obtained for the coding strand:

         5’.. GGCAGCACCAGCAAGG mTn5-lacZSmSp CCAGCAAGGTCAGCA..3’

Using this sequence provided, reconstruct the wild-type sequence

i. Provided with the information that the 5’ second base (underlined) in the provided sequence is the first base of a codon, provide the wild-type amino acid sequence of this portion of the protein and identify the amino and carboxyl termini.

j. Using the established amino acid sequence and the BLAST algorithm, what is the E value and the accession number of the highest scoring hit that aligns in the NCBI GenBank database?

k. What can you deduce to be the function of the protein based on the alignments obtained using the BLAST algorithm? (1 mark)

The Great Sperm Race Questions

1.What dangers/difficulties do the sperm face in the uterus?

2. How do sperm in the fallopian tube find the egg?

3. How does the female body help the sperm find the opening to the fallopian tube?

4.

What is one way that a mutation in the gene encoding for a wild type protein that generally binds ligands, prevent this protein from ligand binding?

What is the relationship between the amount of DNA condensation and the level of transcription?

Due to system limitations you are attempting to clone a small bacterial gene using a poorly characterised bacterial plasmid. You know that the plasmid contains only two drug resistance markers (one for resistance to tetracycline, another for resistance to ampicillin). You have determined that the restriction enzymes EcoRI and BamHI each cut the plasmid only once while SauIII and RsaI cut the plasmid twice. You also have determined that the EcoRI and SauIII recognition sites are within the tetracycline resistance marker, but the BamHI and RsaI recognition sites are not within or even close to either drug resistance marker. You must use this particular vector: a. Which restriction enzyme(s) should you use and why? b. What will happen if you use the BamHI recognition site? What will happen if you use the RsaI recognition site? (Describe this with regards to the functioning of the drug resistance marker and which antibiotic(s) you should use in the media)