Sketch 2 curves on the same graph for mammalian cells: after X-rays and after alpha-particles irradiation. Explain quantitatively the dependence on radiation dose of the survival for X-ray curve at low doses (up to 0.5Gy), at very high doses (higher than 7Gy). Discuss the mechanisms involved in cell death.

What more information is required to answer this question ?

In your own words state why the diseases that generally result from dysfunctional secretory pathway proteins are neurological disorders? In your answer explain the goal of the secretory pathway as you understand it and how it impacts neuronal function.

Describe how the Lac operon works. Be sure to include all the key elements: the components, the process, and the result.

A typical concentration of ampicillin used for bacterial selection in liquid LB is 100 microliter/mL. we prepared a 100 mg/mL ampicillin stock solution for your use. if you will only use .5 mL of your prepared dilution to spread on a plate, what is a reasonable volume of each dilution to prepare? Do you really need hundreds of milliliters?

Explain the term semiautonomous and the developmental relationships between the various plastid types – “how they are formed, what stimulates their formation”.

Question 3

Read the following three statements and then answer the question below.

• In 2019, the UK lost its ‘measles-free’ status.
• The basic reproduction number for measles (R0) is given as between 12 and 18, in different studies.
• The immunisation rate in the UK for measles dipped to a low point in 2003 to 80% coverage and since then has risen to 91% in 2019.

Question 5

1. Your friend is suffering from a fever and respiratory symptoms. She visits her GP and requests antibiotics. Explain why antibiotics may not be appropriate for her infection.
2. Describe the effects of the overuse of antibiotics on the bacterial population in humans.
3. In order to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections some GPs now use a rapid point-of-care (POC) test for levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Explain the role of CRP in the immune response and its relevance to use in this test.
4. In a hospital setting, treatment with antibiotics is a risk factor for infection with Clostridium difficile. Explain why Clostridium difficile is commonly acquired in hospitals.

Explain, using calculations, the causal link between these three statements and briefly discuss whether there is any prospect of the UK regaining its ‘measles-free’ status in the next 5 years.

Question 6

1. The cytokine IFNγ is produced by Th1 cells. Outline three different functions of IFNγ in inflammation and/or the immune response.
2. Name one cytokine that is produced specifically by Th2 cells and state what effect it has on its target cell(s).
3. What advantage is there for the host in having two distinct patterns of immune response, controlled by Th1 and Th2 cells?

1. What biochemical feature of a phospholipid molecule allows phospholipids to spontaneously form closed compartments when placed in an aqueous solution?

a) they are amphipathic

b) they are charged

c) they are spherical

d) they have a single fatty acid tail

2. Other than phospholipids, what molecule do cells use to alter the fluidity of biological membranes?

3. What distinguishes active transport from passive transport?

a) active transport can utilize channel proteins

b) passive transport does not utilize carrier/transporter proteins

c) active transport requires the input of energy

d) active transport only occurs at the plasma membrane

4. In the case of active transport, the Na+/K+ pump undergoes a sequence of conformational changes that allows the movement of Na+ and K+ across a membrane against their electrochemical gradients, while in the case of ER protein import SRP undergoes a sequence of conformational changes to allow the signal sequence to interact with the translocation pore. What drives these conformational changes?

a) hydrolysis of a high energy phosphate bond

b) binding of a solute or protein

c) both

d) neither

5. Is protein import into the ER co-transcriptional, or co-translational?

PLEASE, I NEED TO DESCRIBE EVERY STEPS REALLY WELL. STEPS TO HANDLE AND PREPARE THE SAMPLE AND THEN, STEPS OF RNAseq.

Sequencing RNA from a single circulating tumour cell:

A research laboratory has isolated a CTC from a patient and would like a description of how you would process the sample and how you would sequence all non‐coding RNA from the cell.

a) Describe the steps involved in HOW you would prepare the RNA for RNAseq;

b) HOW RNAseq works.

Also explain WHY each step was done and consider the most appropriate method for isolating non‐coding RNA and removing rRNA from your sample.

what is the relationship of osmolality and tonicity as they relate to understanding aqueous environment in living system.

Which of the following statements about invasive species is true?

-All invasive species were dispersed by humans intentionally.

-All species' introductions are harmless.

-Invasive species are a problem for terrestrial environments, while their impacts are often limited in aquatic environments.

-Invasive species outcompete native species, often changing their habitats.

Describe how the protein structure of a voltage-dependent sodium channel generates its functional properties in as much detail as possible. Be sure to include: conductance of sodium ions across a phospholipid bilayer, selectivity for sodium, voltage-dependent activation (m3h) and inactivation.

What is the key difference between parapatric and sympratic speciation? In circumstances where a genus forms two genetically distinct populations with one living in a tree and another living in a bush, which kind of speciation is being exhibited?

1. a. Consider the following sequences, which are pieces of a larger, independently folding polypeptide. Which sequence is more likely to form an alpha helix, and which is more likely to form a beta-hairpin—a two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet in which the strands are separated by a turn?

Sequence A: I F I C T T G P N A T V I C V F V

Sequence B: M D R L M E A M A K L D H L L A E

b. How do the structures of the residues I, V, and T versus L and M contribute to the conformational preferences of these two sequences?

c. Which residues likely form the turn between the stands in the beta-hairpin? Why are these residues suited for this structure?