In Drosophila, the mutant genes ct (cut wings), y (yellow body), and v (vermillion eye color) are all X-linked. Females heterozygous for all three genes were mated with homozygous recessive males. The male progeny from the cross are given below. As is conventional with Drosophila, the wild-type allele of each gene is designated by a + sign.

ct         y          v                      4

ct         y          +                      93

ct         +          v                      54

ct         +          +                      349

+          y          v                      331

+          y          +                      66

+          +          v                      97

+          +          +                      6

Determine the allele arrangement in the heterozygous parents.

Determine the gene order of these three linked genes.

Construct a linkage map showing the map distances between the three genes.

Calculate interference.

a. Determine the allele arrangement in the heterozygous parents. b. Determine the gene order of these three linked genes. c. Construct a linkage map showing the map distances between the three genes. d. Calculate interference.

Explain the characteristics of, and differences between, the two types of bacterial toxins (Endotoxins and Exotoxins). Include details of their properties, modes of action on the host, and provide an example of each type of toxin.

Describe the functions of the common structures of bacteria and archaea and describe distinguishing characteristics between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria?

1. What is the function of glyc. phosphorylase?

2. How would the Vmax of glyc. phosphorylase be affected if glycogen in the muscles begin to decrease?

CFTR is present in many other types of epithelial cells, including in the lung and in the pancreas. Cholera does not typically affect these tissues, since infection occurs in the gut, and cholera toxin does not move into the bloodstream. However, some people have a mutation in CFTR that decreases its activity, and thus reduces the release of chloride ions from the cytosol of epithelial cells into the lumen of these organs. Which of the following are the most likely consequences of such CFTR mutations? (select two answers)

no change in fluid secretion from the tissues where CFTR is expressed

decreased fluid secretion from the tissues where CFTR is expressed

increased fluid secretion from the tissues where CFTR is expressed

no change in susceptibility to cholera infection

decreased susceptibility to cholera infection

increased susceptibility to cholera infection

. What is an mRNA?

2. How does the RT-PCR tell you if a gene is expressed in a particular cell type?

3. Where can RNases be found? How can you prevent RNase contamination in your samples during experiments involving RNA?

What types of foods are associated with the most rapid changes in blood glucose levels?

reflect on the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Discuss how they are co-dependant on each other and how one would be affected by changes in the other. Discuss how changes to either would affect living things.

How would the process of formation of yogurt change if you added lactase to the milk prior to inoculation of the bacteria? Write a hypothesis

Cell Question

Describe the structure and function of each of the following: lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, plastids, internal cell membranes, centrosome, microtubules, centromeres, ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies.

Choose a Protist species and describe that protist's (1) ideal living environment, (2) feeding habits (3) is it pathogenic/ cause a disease (4) Appearance - does it have flagella, unique structure, etc. and (5) Does it have any symbiotic relationships with any other organisms(parasitic, mutualistic or commensalistic).

A woman with average height, and type A- blood, and a man with type B+ blood and achondroplastic dwarfism, have a daughter with type O- blood, average height and cystic fibrosis. What is the probability of this couple producing this child?

Select one: a. 1/128 b. 1/16 c. 1/8 d. 1/64 e. 1/32

A woman with average height, and type A- blood, and a man with type B+ blood and achondroplastic dwarfism, have a daughter with type O- blood, average height and cystic fibrosis. What is the probability of the gamete the father produced carrying the genes that led to the offspring?

Select one: a. 1/2 b. 1/16 c. 1/8 d. 1/32 e. 1/4

ANT 120

Lab 1: The Forces of Evolution

There are four mechanisms that can lead to evolutionary change from one generation to the next: mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift. In this laboratory exercise we will examine the action of genetic drift and natural selection. The key difference between these two mechanisms, which can be difficult to get a handle on without direct experimentation, is that natural selection privileges some individuals over others on the basis of their biological traits while genetic drift privileges some individuals over others with no regard to their biological traits.

Data Table for Genetic Drift Experiment

Data Table for Natural Selection Experiment

After tabulating your data, answer the questions on the other side of this sheet.

Questions

Compare the results from the genetic drift experiments to the natural selection experiments. Are there any clear differences in the results? If so, what is the reason for the differences?

In cases where one of the colors of beetle was eliminated, how could the allele for this color re-enter the population? Which forces of evolution would be required?

From these experiments, how might genetic drift and natural selection affect natural populations of organisms differently? If the population of beetles was 20,000 instead of 20 (and 10,000 survived each generation) how would this influence the effects of genetic drift vs. natural selection?

Is the outcome of genetic drift or natural selection more predictable? How might these different mechanisms of evolutionary change relate to functional traits of organisms?

2. Draw a molecule of DNA in the proper configuration. Include two base-pairs (show one of each nucleotide type). You can substitute squares for the nitrogenous bases but the rest of the nucleotides must be represented correctly (leave off the hydrogens). LABEL all 3’ and 5’ ends, show correct basepairing, indicate hydrogen bonds by dashed lines and number the carbons on the sugar of one nucleotide.

3. Describe why one DNA strand of a replication fork has to be replicated in small sections and in an opposite direction of the movement of helicase.

4. Briefly Summarize the process of gene expression (from DNA to Protein). Include the major players and major steps (also include aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase).

How do oxygen, temperature, pH, and water determine where you might find a specific species of bacteria