How do National Parks in the United States, Australia and New Zealand differ from eachother in the 19th century?

What type of hemolysis would one find on a blood agar plate from the oral cavity of a typical healthy human throat?

R5-1. An antibody specific for a protein of interest can be utilized in which of the following protein separation techniques.

a.     Ion-exchange chromatography

b.    affinity chromatography

c. western blot

d.    Edman degradation

e.     A and B

f.      B and C

Synapses at distal apical dendrites of Layer 5 pyramidial neurons have a relevancy problem. Due to attenuation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials, excitatory signals generated at the most distal regions of the apical dendritescna be attenuated 100-fold by the time they reach the soma. Define and discuss the "passive" and "active" properties of dendrites that ultimately help to "democratize" proximal and distal dendrites

Consider the mitochondrial electron transport chain that utilizes NADH

a. Write a NET balanced equation for the entire reaction run by Complex I, Complex III and Complex IV together. Include the protons pumped from the inside to the outside of the matrix.

b. If you assume that the membrane potential is 200 mV and the pH gradient is 0.5 and the temperature is 37 C, how much energy is stored by the total reaction you wrote down in (a) as a membrane proton motive force per mole of NADH consumed?

c. Now write down the two half reactions that make up the reaction from part (a) (ignoring the protons pumped).

d. Using the values for E0 in the book for these reactions, what is the standard energy of the reaction you wrote down in (a)? e. What fraction of the total oxidation energy of NADH is stored as ATP. Assume that the reaction ADP + Pi à ATP + H2O has a free energy of 50 kJ/mole and assume the actually free energy of NADH oxidation is the same as the standard free energy you calculated above.

Please show work for a-d thank you.

Describe the shape and structure of each bacterium.

1.Streptococcus

2. Staphylobacillus

3. Diplococcus

List 5 specific species of pathogenic bacteria that use oxygen as their final electron acceptor

List 5 specific species of pathogenic bacteria that use something other than oxygen as their final electron acceptor?

Ardipithecus ramidus had a smaller brain volume than modern common chimpanzees. how this is possible if Ardi’s species evolved from chimpanzees. What would be the best way to explain the pattern based on their evolutionary relationship?

Explain why it is important that xylem cells (vessels and tracheids) are dead at maturity. Additionally, describe what property of water allows for xylem to be an efficient water transportation tissue from the roots to the leaves?

1) Consider the oxidation of Stearic acid (18 carbon fatty acid, fully saturated) to CO2, NADH and FADH2

a) How many moles of electrons are removed from a molecule of stearic acid during the oxidation process?

b) How many moles of electrons are removed during the oxidation of a mole of glucose?

c) How many moles of electrons are removed during the oxidation of 100 g of stearic acid?

d) How many moles of electrons are removed during the oxidation of 100 g or glucose?

e) Write a balanced equation for the oxidation of stearic acid (C18H36O2) to CO2, NADH and FADH2

Please show work for a-e thank you.

3a. What are the parts of the tail of the crayfish? How does the crayfish use its tail? How can this be important in survival?

3b. How many pairs of walking legs (counting the chelipeds) does the crayfish have? The walking legs, like the other appendages, demonstrate the principle of serial homology. Use the study guide to explain this principle.

3c. What are the three pairs of appendages that handle food and bring it to the mouth? What are the hard, jaw like structures? How do they work in the crayfish?

1. How would you “re-create” hexaploid bread wheat from Triticum tauschii (diploid) and Emmer wheat (tetraploid)?

2. Compare and contrast the origins of Turner syndrome, Williams syndrome, cri du chat syndrome, and Down syndrome. (Why are they called syndromes?)

3. Describe one human cancer (you should write about; causes, organ affected, development of the cancer, genetics of it, preventive and management measures).

4. CRISPR-Cas9 was first developed as a molecular tool in 2012; during the next few years, its use in molecular biology exploded, as scientists around the world began applying it to many different research problems, and hundreds of research papers describing its application were published. Explain why CRISPR-Cas is such a powerful tool in molecular genetics.

5. Describe in detail the CRISPR-Cas9 system of defense in bacterial against phages.

6. Describe Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques in details. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of PCR techniques.

7. Suppose that you have just graduated from college and have started working at a biotechnology firm. Your first job assignment is to clone the pig gene for the hormone prolactin. Assume that the pig gene for prolactin has not yet been isolated, sequenced, or mapped; however, the mouse gene for prolactin has been cloned, and the amino acid sequence of mouse prolactin is known. Briefly explain two different strategies that you might use to find and clone the pig gene for prolactin.

8. Describe how the genome of an organism of your choice has been successfully engineered to improve a trait of economic importance in the organism.

1. If the C-1 carbon of glucose were labelled with 14C, which of the carbon atoms in pyruvate would be labelled after glycolysis?

a) the carboxylate carbon

b) the carbonyl carbon

c) the methyl carbon

*** the Answer is c) but I don't understand why, can u plz explain why?

2. How many "high energy" bonds are required to convert oxaloacetate to glucose?

***answer is 4 but I don't understand why, can u plz exapain

3. Which of the following statements correctly describes what happens whe acetyl CoA is abundant

a) Pyruvate carboxylase is activated

b) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is activated

c) phosphofructokinase is activated

d) If ATP levels are high, oxaloacetate is diverted to gluconeogenesis

e) If ATP levels are low, oxaloacetate is diverted to gluconeogenesis

*** Answer is a) and d), can u plz explain why thank you!

Last question, can liver cells do glycolysis, or do they only do gluconeogenesis?