what does testing a mutant virus versus a wildtype virus tell you in an experiment? can you provide an example figure of western blot and give explanation as to what I'm looking at? why would a researcher mutate the bacteria of which the virus infects? What would that tell you?

What effect does all three of the following variables have on yeast fermentation?

a) temperature

b) food scarcity

c) pH

Please explain all three, thanks,

have on yeas

ii. Why would “cold blooded” and “warm blooded” be an incorrect way to refer to animals?

What is the adaptive value of countercurrent heat exchange?

In a dialysis experiment with a dialysis full of glucose/starch solution in a beaker of water (tested starch with iodine)- Which solutes would cross the membrane? Why were these solutes able to cross and not others? Do you have evidence that dialysis occurred? Explain. Do you have evidence that osmosis occurred? Explain. Can dialysis and osmosis occur at the same time? Why or why not?

1. Describe how normal sex determination occurs in humans from fertilization to puberty; include in your discussion the role that chromosomes, hormones and gonads play in this process.

2. Describe 2 ways in which this process can be altered due to abnormalities. Describe each abnormality and the result in the offspring.

Please show all work for full credit!

When performing calculations, round numbers to 3 decimal places

The California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a critically endangered species. In 1991, 48 adults individuals were released in the wild from the captive breeding program. In 2016, there were approximately 323 individuals in existence.

1.Calculate r for this time frame, assuming a continuous and constant growth rate (2 pts).

2.What is the doubling time of this population (2 pts)?

3. 30 rabbits are introduced onto a small island at the beginning of 2000.

4. If this population has an annual exponential growth rate (lambda) of 1.18 on the island, what was the population size at the beginning of 2010 (2 pt)? Assume discrete growth

5. At the beginning of 2017 (2 pt)?

6. The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) may be downgraded to threatened status (from endangered) once it reaches a total population size of 1300 animals in the wild. If this population has been growing exponentially since 1991 at r = 0.02, calculate when it would be downgraded to threatened status, given a population of 300 animals in the wild in 2015 (2 pt). Assume continuous growth.

When answering the following questions, assume all dilutions are in even power of 10, unless told otherwise, and that 0.1 mL (100uL) or 1.0 mL (1,000 uL) volumes were plated. Also, cell density and cell concentration are used interchangeably, as are CFU and colonies, depending on how the term is being used.

Please answer the question using the formula V₁D₁ = V₂D₂.....Please show details

1. Suppose your professor handed you a test tube with 2.0 mL of an E.coli broth culture in it and told you to make a 10^-1 dilution of the entire culture. Explain how you would do this. Show your calculations.

1. If you started a PCR protocol with 10 double-stranded molecules of DNA, how many double-stranded molecules of the product would you have after 5 cycles of PCR?

2. What is the purpose of using DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus for the polymerase chain reaction rather than a DNA polymerase from a better characterized bacterium such as E. coli?

Explain how the osmolarity of the filtrate changes (be quantitative) as it moves through the sections of the nephron becoming urine

6. Explain the process of non-muscle cell contractility. Which specific cytoskeletal molecules are involved? How would inhibition of depolymerization of cytoskeletal molecules affect this process?

Case Study:

An 83-year-old female patient presented in the ER with signs of dehydration such as sunken eyes, dry mucus membranes and low urinary output due to frequent watery diarrhea (five to 10 times a day), for two days. Her stools had turned bloody with mucus in them. At the start of her diarrhea she was given Loperamide at the nursing home she lived in, but the frequency of her diarrhea increased, and she started developing abdominal cramps and bloating .When the doctor took her medical history, she discovered that her patient had completed a course of Clindamycin for a bad sinus infection. The doctor immediately ordered stool tests, enzyme immunoassays for toxins and a colonoscopy. The colonoscopy revealed yellowish adherent plaques, 2–10 mm, called pseudomembranes with a few areas of normal mucosa between them. Her doctor immediately started her on aggressive antibiotic therapy with Metronidazole and Vancomycin. The patient subsequently recovered well enough to be discharged

1) What disease did the doctor suspect?

2) What is the casual organism for this disease?

3) What are the pre-disposing or risk factors for this disease?

4) What toxins would the ELISA test detect?

5) What were the other tests done?

Create a table of the following skin diseases:

1) Peptic ulcers

2) Giardiasis

3) Cholera

4) Cryptosporidiosis

5) Pseudomembranous colitis

6) Hepatitis

7) Salmonellosis

8) Campylobacter diarrhea

9) Amebiasis

10) Shigellosis

11) Typhoid fever

12) Mumps

13) Viral Gastroenteritis

14) Pinworm

15) Anisakiasis

Create columns as shown below: