The Biol 2130 students and employees of a public-school system developed diarrheal illness on April 2. The cafeteria served chicken that day. On April 1, part of the chicken was placed in water-filled pans and cooked in an oven for 2 hrs. at a temp of 177oC. The oven was turned off and the chicken was left overnight in the warm oven. Symptoms of the disease included nausea, vomiting, cramping and a fever. All the patients recovered within 24 hrs. Two “serotypes”of a Gram positive, oxidase negative, coagulase positive, cocci were isolated from 32 patients.

a. What was the probable “etiological” agent (pathogen)?

b. What is the most likely source of his infection, and how would you verify this?

c. Explain the difference in an “intoxication” and an infection.

d. Determine if the illness was due to an intoxication or an infection and give the information you based your answer on.

e. What was the probable treatment protocol for this illness? (how were they treated)

f. Explain how this outbreak could have been prevented.

1. Describe what happens at each stage of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination).

Let’s start by assigning letters for our alleles for the two traits: *****These are the letters that I assigned*****

Colony color: Red: RR            Cream: rr

.Tryptophan Dependence: Growth: TT        No Growth: tt

Now, let’s do our first parental cross of the yeast dihybrid, homozygous parents! Fill in the Punnett Square where the grey is the area to list the gametes generated from each parent (P1) and the white boxes are the F1 offspring

***first row and colum are grey*****

Now, let’s do the F1 x F1 dihybrid cross so we can understand which gametes are going into this cross and we can make some predictions about phenotypes!

****Please help, are these correct??? If so what would be the phneotypes and genotypes for both parent and f1generation? Explanation would be appreciated as well****

What is the role of histone methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation in chromatin remodeling?

The enzyme required for transcription is *
RNA polymerase
Restriction enzymes
Splicesome
DNA polymerase

1) Plant parasitic nematodes attack many important crops resulting in millions of dollar in damage. In roots, injury by nematodes may be detected by the presence of lesions, cysts or galls/knots. Identify one genius of nematode that produces cysts, one genius that produces lesions, and one genius that produces galls on important agricultural crops in Ontario. List the crop and describe the damage.

The main function of tRNA is to *
Identify amino acids and transport/ carries them to ribosomes
Induce the ribosome translocation
Inhibit protein synthesis
Catalyze the peptide bonds between two amino acids

Explain how you could use subcellular distribution data to identify the subcellular location of another enzyme for which its location is not yet known.

To address this issue, discuss the extension of the experiment you are doing to determine the subcellular location of another enzyme for which you have an assay, but its specific compartmentalization in the liver tissue is not known. Include attention to both % activity and specific activity histograms in your argument. How we validate the subcellular fraction procedure is not required here- we will assume that an ideal separation of organelles has been achieved.

Determine True or False for the following statement  

1. Archaea and cyanobacteria have DNA in their nuclei that directs protein synthesis.

1. If you see a phylogenetic tree that illustrates adaptive radiation, it is reasonable to hypothesize that you might also see multiple lineages that went extinct just prior to the adaptive radiation event.

2. Mature vessel and sieve tube cells in a plant's transport tissue have DNA in their nuclei that directs protein synthesis.

3. The diverse, non-monophyletic group that we call "Protists" includes multicellular species.

Tiffany is worried about her newborn son. Ever since she brought Caleb home from the hospital it has been so hard to get him to eat and he seems to be breathing too hard all the time. She stopped breast-feeding and tried every bottle and formula on the market, but nothing has worked. So, at his one month check-up, her stomach is in knots as they place Caleb on the scale. The nurse says, “9 pounds, 7 ounces.” Tiffany realizes Caleb has only gained one pound since he was born and she breaks into tears.

Dr. Baker checks over Caleb in the exam room, taking extra time feeling and listening to his chest. During the exam, Tiffany explains her struggle with trying to get her son to eat and how he cries almost the entire day. After the exam Dr. Baker says, “When I listen to Caleb’s heart I hear an extra sound called a murmur. I want to use an echocardiogram and an ECG to get a good picture of all the parts of his heart.”

Short Answer--
Answer the following short answer questions, again with complete sentences.

1) With the defect in Caleb’s heart where it is, what would be different (irregular) with the blood flow through the heart? (ie explain blood flow during atrial and ventricular systole for this heart and why)

2) Explain what happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac output as a result of his ventricular septal defect.

3) Why would this defect in the heart cause Caleb to breathe too hard? Explain in terms of the Blood volume in pulmonary circuit.

4) Based on the location of Caleb’s defect, what part of the conduction system might be at risk for abnormalities?

5) What would the basic results of a CBC blood test results be if this is Caleb's only problem? Low/ Normal/ High) and why

6) How about Hormone levels in the blood of the hormones gone over so far in lab?

Which of the following is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression

Group of answer choices

1)Eukaryotes have basal transcription factors not part of the holoenzyme

2)Eukaryotes produce an immature mRNA

3)Trancription and translation can occur simultaneously in Prok.

4)Eukaryotics have more diverse promoters

5)All of the above

Although mutations in the coding region of a genes can lead to changes in protein sequence (non-synonomous, nonsense, frameshift) there are plenty of mutations in non-coding regions within the genome that can alter how gene are expressed. In the scenarios below, please indicate what non-coding regions might contain a SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) mutation, and how this SNP mutation might lead to the given scenario: a. no transcription occurs for a particular gene b. Transcription occurs, but the mRNA is shorter than normal (by 100 bp) c. Transcription occurs, but the mRNA is longer than normal (100 bp longer)

During aPCR reaction, what would be the function of Taq DNA polymerase?

extends the primers into full-length PCR product (i.e. copies the DNA)

unwinds dsDNA template

ensures DNA is negatively charged for gel electrophoresis

cuts DNA into fragments

assists primers in annealing to the template

Compared virus sequences with human and avian. they are over 95%similiar.

Based on your results (which of course are limited—it would be necessary to do many more comparisons in reality), do you think there is evidence that human adaptation is occurring in H5N1 viruses that might merit concern about human-to-human transmission in the near future?

The reinforcement hypothesis makes which specific “predictions” regarding divergent populations coming back into contact with one another? Are these predictions easily testable through observational studies?