In class, we discussed how H₁₄₆ of the β -chain of normal adult hemoglobin ends up in close proximity to D₉₄ on the same chain when oxygen is delivered to the tissues. In hemoglobin Hiroshima, however, H₁₄₆ on the β -chain has been changed to a D through mutation. What effect, if any, does this mutation have on the Bohr Effect of this mutant hemoglobin?

Choose all correct answers.

Group of answer choices

diminishes the H+ portion of the Bohr Effect

increases the H+ portion of the Bohr Effect

has no effect on the CO2 portion of the Bohr Effect

increases the CO2 portion of the Bohr Effect

has no effect on the H+ portion of the Bohr Effect

diminishes the CO2 portion of the Bohr Effect

Epigenetics centres on inheritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence, indicating the influence of environmental factors. Based on content covered in lectures, discuss the mechanisms implicated in the inheritance of epigenetic information.

QUESTION 40

1. All of the following are part of the Social-Ecological Model except for?

   		Organizational
   		Individual
   		Public Policy
   		Nutrition Panel

2 points   

QUESTION 41

1. Health claims such as “reduces heart disease” must be evaluated by the __________ before it may appear on packaging.

   		World Health Organization (WHO)
   		US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
   		Health and Human Services (HHS)
   		Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

2 points   

QUESTION 42

1. Which group is responsible for preparing guidelines for food labeling within the food industry?

   		US Department of Agriculture (UDSA)
   		Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
   		World Health Organization (WHO)
   		Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

2 points   

QUESTION 43

1. The Mediterranean diet involves multiple ___________; moreover, ___________ is the main source of fat.

   		Herbs and spices; olive oil
   		Meats; animal fats
   		Dairy; walnut oil
   		Grains; vegetable oil

2 points   

QUESTION 44

1. The ________ of a nutrient must be established before Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) can be determined.

   		Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
   		Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)
   		Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
   		Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)

2 points   

QUESTION 45

1. The _______________ is a standardized tool which assesses whether the American diet is conforming to the Dietary Guidelines.

   		Daily Values (DV)
   		Healthy Eating Index (HEI)
   		Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
   		Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP)

2 points   

QUESTION 46

1. Since 1980, the dietary guidelines have been reevaluated and updated every ____ years by the advisory committees of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

   		Seven
   		Five
   		Ten
   		Two

2 points   

QUESTION 47

1. A healthy eating pattern includes all of the following except:

   		Vegetables
   		Exercise
   		Grains
   		Fruits

2 points   

QUESTION 48

1. If alcohol is consumed it should be consumed in moderation – up to ______ drink per day for women and up to _____ drinks per day for men.

   		One; two
   		Four; three
   		Three; three
   		Two; three

2 points   

QUESTION 49

1. The ________ represents the recommended amount of a given nutrient based on the ______ of that nutrient in a 2,000 – kilocalorie diet.

   		Daily Value (DV); Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)
   		Adequate Intake (AI); Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)
   		Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs); Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
   		Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA); Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)

2 points   

QUESTION 50

1. Oils are essential for your diet as they contain valuable essential fatty acids, but the type you choose and the amount you consume is important. You should strive for oil that is ______.

   		Plant and animal based
   		Animal based
   		Plant based
   		Manmade oils

There’s a worldwide outbreak of an unknown infectious viral disease. However, in your country thousands of patients are admitted to a hospital daily due to severe headaches and pulmonary complications and this are the suspected symptoms caused by the virus in question. As one of the best epidemiologists in your country, you were invited to assist to find the solution for this pandemic

Question: Explain in detail how you would conduct the study to clarify the etiology and the risk factors for this pandemic.

Describe and ecological study in which using the lincoln-peterson or Schnabel Index might be useful?

1. With the aid of a suitable diagram, explain the biological hazards of a laser and the necessary safety precautions when using the laser.

You are trying to calculate the map distances between three genes in Dragonflies. The gene extrawings (ex) produces an extra pair of wings and is recessive to the wild-type four wings (ex+). The gene eyeless (ey) causes the eyes not to form properly and is recessive to the wild-type normal eyes (ey+). The gene blue (b) causes the body to be a neon blue color and is recessive to the wild-type black (b+). A heterozygous dragonfly is crossed to a tester male and the following progeny are obtained: 321 with extra wings and no eyes, 284 with blue bodies, 72 with extra wings, 69 with blue bodies and no eyes, 27 with extra wings and blue bodies, 21 with no eyes, and 4 wild-type.

What is the distance in cM between extrawings and eyeless? (Please answer to two decimal places)

What is the interference?

Explain cellulose biosynthesis - substrate, catalytic process, resulting structure (primary, secondary, tertiary (supramolecular) cellulose structure)

Each of the following is associated with haemophilia A or B EXCEPT:

Select one:

a. Recurrent haemarthroses in a young boy

b. Normal prothrombin time

c. Prolonged prothrombin time and normal activated partial thromboplastin time

d. Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time

e. A factor IX level below 5%

The final product of the Calvin Cycle (the product that EXITS the Calvin Cycle, assuming successful carboxylation) is

To be in an active state, several enzymes of the Calvin Benson cycle require

The dry-weight mass of a plant (the weight of plant solids after water is removed) is from

Which statement is correct

The antennae complexes of photosynthesis gather light energy and channel it toward (choose ALL that apply)

Assuming linear electron flow from H₂O to NADP⁺
(i.e., the Z-scheme) what is the theoretical minimum number of photons required to produce one molecule of O₂ evolved (remember each water release a pair of electrons, it takes 2 H₂O to produce O₂)?

During CYCLIC electron flow, electrons from ferrodoxin are transferred to

What the heck am I talking about when I say “Reduction of plastoquinone to plastoquinol occurs on the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane, and oxidation of plastoquinol back to plastoquinone occurs on the lumen side of the thylakoid membrane”? This describes:

The Calvin-Benson cycle takes place predominantly in the

Put the following in the correct order for linear photosynthesis (the Z-scheme)

CF-type ATPase

Plastoquinone/plastiquinol

Photosystem II

Photosystem I

Cytochrome b6f

Plastocyanin

QUESTION 5

The experiment conducted by Andre Jagendorf with isolated thylakoid membranes proved that

possible solutions:

QUESTION 6

For every molecule of oxygen (O₂) produced, how much ATP and NADPH are produced?

possible solutions:

QUESTION 7

For every molecule of carbon dioxide (CO₂) incorporated into sugar, how much ATP and NADPH are consumed?

Possible solutions:

QUESTION 8

When a plant is illuminated after a period of darkness, what changes occur in the environment of the chloroplast? Choose all that are correct

Possible solutions:

QUESTION 9

During the Calvin-Benson Cycle

Possible solutions:

Which of the following are used as diagnostic signs of myeloma?

Select one:

a. Anaemia and recurrent infections

b. Anaemia and fractured bones

c. Recurrent infections and kidney failure

d. Bone pain and increases in prostate specific antigen levels

e. Presence of paraprotein and bone pain

How are environmental factors used to control microbal growth? Give some everyday examples.

QUESTION #1

What was the pre-genome sequencing estimate for the total number of genes in the human genome and how many genes were discovered once sequencing was complete? Why do you think there was such a discrepancy between these numbers?

QUESTION #2

Why is looking for regions of the genome that are very similar across organisms (conserved) such an important part of understanding genome evolution?