Question

1. How would you “re-create” hexaploid bread wheat from Triticum tauschii (diploid) and Emmer wheat (tetraploid)?

2. Compare and contrast the origins of Turner syndrome, Williams syndrome, cri du chat syndrome, and Down syndrome. (Why are they called syndromes?)

3. Describe one human cancer (you should write about; causes, organ affected, development of the cancer, genetics of it, preventive and management measures).

4. CRISPR-Cas9 was first developed as a molecular tool in 2012; during the next few years, its use in molecular biology exploded, as scientists around the world began applying it to many different research problems, and hundreds of research papers describing its application were published. Explain why CRISPR-Cas is such a powerful tool in molecular genetics.

5. Describe in detail the CRISPR-Cas9 system of defense in bacterial against phages.

6. Describe Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques in details. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of PCR techniques.

7. Suppose that you have just graduated from college and have started working at a biotechnology firm. Your first job assignment is to clone the pig gene for the hormone prolactin. Assume that the pig gene for prolactin has not yet been isolated, sequenced, or mapped; however, the mouse gene for prolactin has been cloned, and the amino acid sequence of mouse prolactin is known. Briefly explain two different strategies that you might use to find and clone the pig gene for prolactin.

8. Describe how the genome of an organism of your choice has been successfully engineered to improve a trait of economic importance in the organism.

Answer 1

1)

Cross T. tauschii and Emmer to get ABD offspring. Treat the offspring with colchicine to double the chromosome number to AABBDD to get the hexaploid bread wheat.

2)

Williams syndrome is the results of a deletion of the 7q11.23 region of chromosome 7.

Cri du chat syndrome is the result of a deletion of a significant part of the short arm of chromosome 5 (specifically bands 5p15.2 and 5p15.3). Both Turner syndrome (XO) and Down syndrome (trisomy 21) result from meiotic nondisjunction.

The term syndrome is used to describe a set of phenotypes (often complex and varied) that are generally present together.

3)

Cancer---(hepatocellular carcinoma)

Causes---alcohol abuse, hepatitis B or C infection.

Organ affected----liver

Development of the cancer----it develop in four stages. In first stage it remains to the liver.

In second stage, it develop several small tumors. Few can reach to blood vessel.

In third stage, several tumors can lead to larger blood vessels.

In stage four, it get metastasized means spread to other parts of the body.

Preventive measures---healthy and hygenic life style can lower the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Treatment-----radiation, chemotherapy and liver transplantation.

Genetics----it can heritary also. It can be caused by the mutation in DNA that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes.