What is the efficiency of energy retention for glycolysis if cleavage of a typical carbon carbon bond releases 339kJ/mol.  

Discuss the differences/similarities between antiporter, uniporter, and symporter carriers. Make sure your explanation discusses gradients of each solute and direction of flow. Be clear how structure allows for the mechanism of transfer. How do changes in structure impact transfer and binding to substrate?

Considering the newly discovered Coronavirus COVID-19, please answer the following questions.

How the COVID-19 virus affects the respiratory system and give a brief description of the disease process. How might this affect a spirometry reading?

What are some of the preexisting conditions that make the virus more dangerous? Who is more susceptible to it and why?

does Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) treatment of PC12 cells increase in MAPK phosphorylation or increase in MAPK protein? Or does it increase both?

In your own words please and be as specific.

Compare the life cycle of Eimeria tenella with that of Monocystis lumbrici.

A boy with Klinefelter syndrome (47 chromosomes, XXY) is born to a mother who is phenotypically normal and a father who has the X-linked skin condition called anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (AED). The mother's skin is completely normal with no signs of the skin abnormality. By contrast, her son has patches of normal skin and patches of abnormal skin.

a) What are the genotypes of the mother and the father?

(b) What is the genotype of the son?

(c) Which parent contributed the abnormal gamete? Briefly explain how you determined the parent.

(d) What phenomenon occurred during meiosis to produce this abnormal gamete, and at which division of meiosis (1st or 2nd) did it occur? Briefly explain how you determined which division was affected.

Please answer all parts of these questions by using the topic !!

Selective toxicity Prompt:

Explain the concept of selective toxicity. Explain the ways that antimicrobial drugs affect pathogens. Identify which categories of drugs are most selectively toxic and why.

USING THE TOPIC: Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

COMPUTER GENERATED GRAPHING & TYPED ONLY

1. (one point) A man who has type B blood fathers offspring with a woman who has type A blood. Their first child, a girl, has type O blood.

a) Diagram this cross and include pedigree information as well.

b) What proportion of the gametes from the mother have the IA allele?

c) What would be the probability that their SECOND child, assuming they have one, will have type O blood? Diagram this cross as well and include pedigree information if needed to explain your conclusion.

2. (one point) A man and a woman walk into a genetic counselor’s office. The man’s brother has recently been diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The woman has no history of the illness in her family.

a) They are concerned about having an affected child themselves. The woman is pregnant with a girl. Diagram this cross. What is the chance that the child the woman carries will have the disorder?

b) If they have additional children, would a sperm or egg donor help to decrease the chance of an affected child?

What are Platyhelminthes (which organisms)? What are they known to be significant for in terms of animal evolution? What are their eyespots used for? Can they see well out of them?

Suppose you were given the task of estimating the density of two plant species in a field. Based on the life histories of the two species, you expect that the spatial dispersion of one species is approximately uniform, whereas the other is likely to be clumped. How might your approach to estimating the density of these two species differ?

In the experiment by Otto Loewi, stimulation of the vagus nerve caused an isolated frog's heart to slow its beating (an effect called bradycardia). This effect was ultimately shown by others to be due to the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from vagus axon terminals at synapses with cardiac muscle. However, Loewi also showed that the solution bathing this heart, rich with ACh released from the stimulated nerve axons, could be used to cause bradycardia in a 2nd heart, without direct vagus nerve stimulation. Indeed, we can replicate this by spritzing ACh directly onto a beating heart, again without vagus nerve stimulation.

So, how is it possible for a neurotransmitter like ACh to exert its effects on a target without being released presynaptically at a particular synapse? What does this say about the contribution of neurotransmitter degradation/reuptake to the precision and integrity of neurotransmission?

1. Supplementary motor cortex
2. Premotor cortex
3. Basal ganglia
4. Cerebellum
5. Parietal area of the cerebral cortex
6. Spinothalamic pathway
7. Corticospinal tract
8. Dorsal root ganglion
9. Dorsal Column pathway
Q1. Which structure or region is damaged in patients with Parkinson’s disease?
Answer 1Choose...1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
Q2. Which structure or region includes the cell bodies of sensory neurons?
Answer 2Choose...1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
Q3. Which structure or region conveys information from the brain to the spinal cord?
Answer 3Choose...1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
Q4. Which structure or region is damaged in patients with Huntington’s disease?
Answer 4Choose...1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
Q5. Which structure or region that is not part of the cerebral cortex is involved in initiating complex movements?
Answer 5Choose...1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
Q6. Which structure or region handles information from pain receptors?1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

Write a full description of the importance and different types of fermentation carried out by bacteria.

For a diploid mouse cell (40 chromosomes), state how many copies of each are present at the following cell cycle stages:

A researcher has synchronized two different E. coli cultures so that all of the cells enter cell division simultaneously. One culture is wild-type E. coli cells, and the other culture is a mutant E. coli that does not have the gene for Dam methylase. He isolates the DNA from both wild-type and mutant E. coli 20 minutes after replication is complete. What is the methylation state for each strain of E. coli? What would be the methylation state for each bacterial strain if you isolated the DNA immediately after replication termination?

Red-green color blindness is caused by a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome. X^a is the recessive mutant allele that causes color blindness; X^A is the dominant, functional allele. You meet a patient who has Klinefelter syndrome (that is, he has an XXY karyotype). His mother is color blind, but his father has normal color vision. Your patient has both the X^A and the X^a alleles.

1. You hypothesize that your patient’s syndrome is due to a meiotic nondisjunction event that occurred in: (circle the correct options) (2 pts)

this patient                this patient’s father              this patient’s mother

                                                Meiosis I         or        Meiosis II

2. In the space provided below, illustrate how the meiotic nondisjunction event occurred, showing only the sex chromosomes. If you think it could happen in either meiosis I or II, pick one of these for illustration. (6 pts)

1. Use the symbols below to illustrate the X and Y chromosomes:
2. Use arrow(s) to indicate the cell(s) that could give rise to your patient’s abnormal karyotype.

3. You also find a small number of cells in this patient with only one X and one Y chromosome. Explain this phenomenon in no more than two sentences. Be specific about in which individual and roughly when this relevant event might have taken place. (2 pts)