Ramasakhi Devi from India is 55 years old and had a cancerous tumour removed from her cheek. Then, she was informed that in order to receive necessary follow-up chemotherapy and radiation treatment, she would need to sign up for a clinical trial. Although the consent forms were in English and Hindi, Devi was illiterate. Her son tried to help but even he misunderstood the forms, and told his mother there was only one available treatment option in the trial instead of three. Moreover, Devi never understood that she could drop out and thought she had to finish the treatment regimen to be fully cured.

Question: Is it ethical to conduct experiments on human in this situation? Explain with reference to the Nuremberg code.

Questions about the cell cycle

1. Does the cell cycle really have a beginning and an end? Explain your answer.

2. Why is the spindle apparatus more complex in animal cells than in plant cells?

(it has something to do with differences in the structure of the different cell types)

3. What name is given to the plane in the center of the cell where chromosomes align during metaphase?

4. Which stage of mitosis is most often associated with the beginning of cytokinesis?

5. Why does pinching in of the cytoplasm not work for cytokinesis in plant cells?

Explain Michaelis-Menten plots and demonstrate how to calculate Km, kcat, and catalytic efficiency.

What type of interactions are important and prevalent in biological systems? Non-covalent or Covalent? Please explain your choice. Can you provide examples of both these types of interactions in the context of protein structure that you learned.

Discuss the relationship between 5 methyl-cytosine and 5 hydroxymethyl-cytosine, mention enzymes responsible for their placement and how each modification affects gene expression.Define, compare and contrast heterochromatin and euchromatin and how they relate to gene expression

1. What does the field of epigenetics aim to study?

2. What would happen to a developing cell if its nucleus were switched for a nucleus of a differentiated cell?

3. Histone deacetylation enhances chromosome ______, thus the chromosomal segment cannot be ______. (options are Condensation; decondensation for the first part and translated or transcribed for the second part).

4. Explain the mechanism of DNA methylation, including what DNA residue is modified, by what enzymes, and the impact on gene expression and chromatin state. Draw it!​

what is the specialty of a compound microscope? what do you mean by parfocal ?

1.Water was used as a negative control. If you had observed the water change in color from clear to red after adding Benedict's solution and then heating to 100 ^oC, what could you conclude?

A.The water was contaminated with glucose.

B.The Benedict's solution was contaminated with glucose.

C.The Benedict's solution was contaminated with sucrose.

D.The water was contaminated with sucrose.

2. Glucose was used as a positive control . If you had NOT observed the glucose solution change in color to red after adding Benedict's solution and then heating to 100 ^oC, what could explain this result? Select ALL correct answers.

A.The concentration of glucose was too high.

B.The Benedict's solution was no longer working as intended.

C.The temperature probe was broken and the water bath was actually 50 ^oC

D.The glucose solution had been contaminated with ribose.

2. (3 pts.) Someone in class asked whether it wasn't possible for a region of the genome to appear to be IBD (identical by descent) due to a chance sharing of alleles at a number of consecutive loci. Where in their paper (and how) do Ralph and Coop address this possibility? What do they conclude?

Use the below resources to answer the above question

"The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe." Ralph P, Coop G. PMID: 23667324

What are the functions of the plasma membrane? How does the function differ between bacteria and eukaryotic cells?

How does DNA differ between bacteria and eukaryotic cells?

What is the function of ribosomes? What is the composition of ribosomes? How does it differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

What is a cytoplasm?

What are the 2 main classes of reactions in cells?

What is the energy currency of cells? Why? Be able to explain this in terms of structure.

What is energy coupling?

What are all the functions for each carbon compound? Be able to name a specific one for each function.

What are the levels of protein structure? Anything that happens in the cell is due to protein Proteins function:

   Proteins function:

Structure:

Transport:

Protection/Defense:

Control/regulation:

Catalysis: catalase

Movement:

Storage:

Oh No! One of the tRNA genes in E.coli was mutated so that the wrong amino acid was charged onto it. Now, the amino acid that should be on the tRNA containing the anticodon 5'-CCA-3' is replaced with an Asp. DNA SEQUENCE: 5'-ATG TAG TTA TCC AAC CCT CCA AAA CAT GCA CCT CCT TAC TCA AGC AGG CAT ACG-3' a. Write out the protein sequence (using the DNA sequence from the problem above) that would be made in this situation. (3 pts) b. Does this mutation just affect this protein? What are the overall consequences of this type of mutation in e.coli? (3 pts)

-In essay form, discuss three adaptations plants have made to thrive in different environments.

-Why is water referred to as the “universal solvent”?

-Why is a water droplet not shaped like a sphere?

12 pts - If a heart is removed from the body, its beat rate actually speeds up until sugar reserves dwindle.  

• Discuss how the SA [sinoatrial-pacemaker] node cells manipulate ions at their surface to rhythmically contract.  Be specific about pumps, transporters, and channels.  Make sure your explanation includes setup and recovery back to set-up. Be specific about how the Action Potential passes down the length of the cardiac cell and from one cell to the next.

• Then discuss how the body’s parasympathetic nervous system slows this rate down to a more normal ~65 beats/minute [if the heart is still “hooked up”].  Be clear about all the roles for the various channels, pumps, receptors and allosteric secondary messengers in both normal contraction and slowed contraction. How is the above story manipulated?

• How does the sympathetic system do the opposite and speed the heart up?