Explain the physiological mechanisms involved in blood glucose concentration regulation trying to prevent hypoglycemia which is especially dangerous for brain function.

QUESTION 1

Most of the water and inorganic ions are absorbed by the:

QUESTION 2

In order to transport __________ into the bloodstream from the small intestine, a ________ is established in the epithelial cells lining the small intestine.

What types of support services should hospitals provide to assist couples who have experienced a loss of pregnancy? What should the role of the nurse be in establishing these services and supporting the affected couples?

1a.

A spliceosome will be found in

1b.

Which type of RNA is found only in eukaryotes?

Many of the color varieties of summer squash are determined by sev eral interacting loci: Wildtype squash are white, a recessive allele, a, causes yellow squash, while another recessive allele b, causes green squash.

a) How would you test if these alleles are mutations in the same gene? And what result would you expect if they are not in the same gene.

b) You do a cross to determine the relationship between genes A and genes B. You find B is epistatic to A. What cross did you perform? What was the result finding that led you to this conclusion?

Which example provides evidence of migration, but NOT of gene flow? After fledging, a male toucan disperses to another forest patch on the other side of a mountain range. This high-quality male finds mates easily in this new population. All of its offspring survive to breed in the next year in the same forest patch. A bearcat eats the fruit of a strangler fig tree and defecates seeds 10 km away among a different population of strangler figs. A hiker gets mustard seeds stuck in their shoe. They travel across the country and hike a different trail unintentionally dispersing mustard seeds into the current population of mustard plants. These seeds develop into plants that then contribute to the next generation. A couple of snakes from the mainland are swept away by a storm and carried to a nearby island. On the island, these snakes breed with the same species and produce viable offspring.

As part of a study, 10 mg of epinephrine was injected into the bloodstream of 10 resting, fasted adults. 10 minutes later, blood glucose levels of the subjects were measured. Here were the results: Subject Sex Age Blood Glucose (mg/dL) F=Female M=male

Subject-sex -age -Blood Glucose (mg/dL0

1) F 25 197

2)F 36 175

3) F 61 231

4) F 54 217

5) F 39 205

6) M 43 251

7) M 46 234

8) M 31 181

9) M 51 197

10) M 37 161

10. Did the individuals over 40 have a significantly different glucose level after epinephrine injection than the individuals under 40?

b. Generate three ligation reactions with 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 molar ratios of the insert and the vector DNA. Your ligation should include all components in a 30 µL reaction. Keep the vector amount fixed at 60 ng per ligation reaction. You are provided with 10 x ligase buffer and DNA ligase (0.5 U/µL) to set up your ligations.

Why do phototropic sporangiophores avoid solid objects?

What is the basic monomeric unit of a protein? How many different units are there? How are they similar and how are they different?

List and explain the 3 mechanisms that are related with activation of a protooncogene into an oncogene.

b. Discuss the importance of oncogenes in tumorigenesis.

Flower color in buffalo clover is either white or some shade of pink to red. Pollen from a red individual was applied to white flowers in 1999. This seed was germinated in 2000 and four red plants were obtained in the progeny. These four red plants were allowed to self pollinate in summer 2000 to produce the next generation. Populations of progeny from each of the four plants were grown in the greenhouse in spring 2001 and the following data were obtained. Propose a hypothesis and calculate a Chi Square for each plant and the pooled data, and determine if these data fit your hypothesis.

Cross Plant    Red   White

6/2X10/4 #1   21   8

6/2X10/4 #2 53 18

6/2X10/4 #3   49 18

6/2X10/4 #4    60   21

Pooled            183 65

In corn the glossy trait (AA) gives glossy leaves and the ramosa trait (BB) determines branching of ears, a test cross produced the following results:

Normal leaved and normal branches                   395

Glossy leaved and ramosa branching 382

Normal leaved with ramosa branching 223

Glossy leaved with normal branching 247

Total of 1247 offspring.

Are the glossy and ramosa genes linked ? Test your hypothesis. If they are linked calculate distance between them.

Instructions The major assignment for this course will be a student paper researching the molecular biology of cancer and exploring ethical considerations related to molecular testing. Cancer is often caused by the malfunction of the fundamental biological processes that are the subject of this course. Your paper should include the following: • Introduction • Discussion of the following molecular causes of cancer: o Somatic mutations o Epigenetic mutations • Explanation of the principal processes altered in cancer (i.e. cell division & apoptosis) • Summarization of molecular techniques used to diagnose cancer including a description of 2 specific examples of target genes/mutations and the methodologies that can be used to detect the mutations/quantify the gene products • Discussion of ethical considerations in screening of patients for mutations associated with development of cancer – please note that there several angles to consider in this section of the paper and there are no right or wrong answers here. If you need help getting started with the ethics component of this paper, some questions to consider include: o Should all people be screened? Why or why not? o Should health insurance cover screening for cancer mutations in all people, in select populations, or not at all? Why or why not? o Should someone with a mutation linked with cancer development have to pay more for insurance premiums? Why or why not? • Conclusion/summary paragraph Final Notes The paper should be completely written in your own words. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate what you know and how well you are able to articulate your ideas, not recycle someone else’s thoughts! The paper should be 6-8 pages in length, include at least 3 properly cited outside references