a) A poor population of human beings in Egypt lives of a low-calorie vegetarian diet, yet they do not suffer from a lack of proteins or a lack of vitamins.

How do you explain this from a nutritional perspective?

b) a study about a group of 65-70 year old males in Japan, who live off a traditional Japanese diet, rich in fish, found that surprisingly few of these suffer from heart and circulatory disease, when compared to a similar group of Europeans.

How do you explain this, from a nutritional perspective?

NAD+ -dependent Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dehydrogenase from Thermoproteus tenax.

1. Name the three enzymes that catalyze irreversible, regulated reactions in glycolysis as studied in class.

2. What is the significance of the GAPDH reaction in E. coli to glycolysis?

3. How does the reaction catalyzed by GAPDH from T. tenax presented here differ from the reaction carried out in E. coli?

4. The activity of the GAPDH enzyme was assayed in the presence of a constant amount of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and an increasing amount of NAD . The activity of the control was + compared to the activity in the presence of various metabolites. The results are shown in Figure 20.2. Additional data are given in Table 20.2.

a. Use the data in Figure 20.2 to estimate a KM value for the enzyme in the presence of these metabolites. Classify the metabolites listed in Table 20.2 as inhibitors or activators. Fill in your answers in the table provided. Explain how you decided whether these metabolites are inhibitors or activators, based on the graph.

b. How would you classify NADH, ADP and ATP? (These data are not presented in the graph). Are they inhibitors or activators? Add this information to Table 20.2.

c. Explain the physiological significance of your answers to questions 4a and 4b. NAD+ -dependent Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dehyd

5. In the absence of NADP+, the binding of NAD+ to the T. tenax GAPDH showed no cooperative binding (closed circles, Figure 2 above). In the presence of NADP however, the binding of NAD+ to the T. tenax GAPDH was found to have a Hill coefficient of 2 (open circles, Figure 2 above).

a) What is the significance of the change in the value of the Hill coefficient?

b) Is this consistent with the shape of the curve and the information given in the background concerning the enzyme's quaternary structure?

6. What is the ATP yield for one mole of glucose oxidized by the pathway that uses the non-phosphorylating GAPDH enzyme?

I was stunned at how the lake had changed in the 10 years since I had last at Grand Lake St.. No swimmers splashed in the water and hardly any boats floated across the lake, even though it was peak vacation season. As a lone speedboat zoomed past, Keith noticed its motor churning up lime green-colored water. A closer inspection revealed a foamy, green mat of scum clinging to the shore, with a few dead fish washed up.

Why is the water so green? What are cyanobacteria? What might cause a tremendous increase in their growth? Why would toxin secretion limit fish consumption? How would cyanobacterial photosynthesis affect the oxygen levels of the lake? Aidan indicated that aerobic cyanobacteria are using up oxygen in the water. How are they doing this? Identify the microbial imbalance in Grand Lake that has led to the oxygen depletion.

Please explain

Complete the chart below.

DNA mRNA

                                  5 ’                                3’

                                            T   --

                                            T   --   

                                            A   --

                                            C    ---   

                                          G   ---

                                            G    ---

                                            C    ---

                                            A   --   

                                          T   --   

                                  3’                                 5’

Re-state the mRNA strand, write it in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Answer the following questions.

mRNA strand:   5’ __________________________ 3’

8. What is the first codon on the mRNA strand?

9. What is the anticodon for the tRNA at the P site?

10. What amino acid is this tRNA bringing?

11. What is the second codon on the mRNA strand?

12. What is the anticodon for the tRNA at the A site?

13. What amino acid is this tRNA bringing?

14. What forms between the two amino acids? Use the exact name of the union.

15. What is the third codon on the mRNA strand?

16. What is the anti-codon for the tRNA that will bind to the A site? Explain your answer.

17. What is the amino acid sequence of your peptide? Include STOP in your sequence.

18. How many kinds of codons exist in the Universal Code?

19. How many codons actually code for an amino acid?

20. What do the others code for?

21. How many different kinds of amino acids are coded for in the Universal Code?

9)Plant cells ________.

a)use carbon dioxide but do not use oxygen

b)do not need mitochondria because their chloroplasts meet their energy needs

c)have chloroplasts and mitochondria

d)do not need chloroplasts because their mitochondria meet their energy needs

10)Eukaryotic cells have their chromosomes packaged in the

a)a measure of calories

b)a measure of calories

c)the capacity to cause movement

d)a measure of disorder

11)Which environments would be best for the functioning of animal and plant cells?

a)A hypotonic environment for plant cells and an isotonic environment for animal cells

b)An isotonic environment for both plant and animal cells.

c)A hypotonic environment for animal cells and an isotonic environment for plant cells

12)How many chromosomes does an individual with Klinefelter Syndrome have?

a)45

b)24

c)46

d)47

Identify likely directions of sugar translocation and explain how it changes with time in these scenarios:

a. A tomato plant in the early stages of tomato development. Also explain why the common practice of removing emerging shoots at the base of mature leaves is done during fruit set.

b. About this time of the year in leafless maple trees: (I) non-photosynthetic buds growing (II), then breaking open revealing immature leaves that grow rapidly (III) mature leaves.

c. A germinating coconut on a beach in the Pacific Ocean

After suffering a fall while hiking, you find yourself immobile and severely dehydrated. Should you drink your own urine as a means of improving your survival? Explain the effect of urine on your cells in terms of tonicity. How will dehydration influence the concentration of your urine?

Show all work please, do not just give a number!

Determine the number of ATP derived from each component and name the additional enzymes necessary to recognize the double bonds and account for the cost in ATP or NADH.

a) palmitic acid (even number of carbons)

b) oleic acid (even number of carbons, one double bond)

c) linoleic acid (even number of carbons, two double bonds)

What is the purpose of Mineral Oil in the API-20E test?

What could happen if a purity plate is not set up from the bacterial suspension in the API test?

What happens if the oxidase test is positive for an organism being identified using an API-20E strip?

Why does bacterial growth decrease as the solute concentration increases? Explain this phenomenon.

A bacteria culture is grown for many generations in a medium in which the only available nitrogen is the heavy isotope (¹⁵N). The culture is then switched to a medium containing only ¹⁴N for TWO generation of growth; it is then recultured to a ¹⁵N-containing medium for ONE final generation of growth. The DNA from these bacteria is isolated and centrifuged to equilibrium in a CsCl density gradient.

(a) Determine the proportion of ¹⁵N¹⁵N, ¹⁵N14N, and ¹⁴N¹⁴N DNA if the replication is following the semiconservative mode. Show your work to gain maximum mark.

(b) Determine the proportion of ¹⁵N¹⁵N, ¹⁵N¹⁴N, and ¹⁴N¹⁴N DNA if the replication is following the conservative mode. Show your work to gain maximum mark.

Note: You may hand-sketch the drawing in a piece of blank paper, scan or take a photo of your drawing, and attached it in your Word document.

For the following: 1) Identify the genotypes of the parents 2) Complete a Punnett Square & 3) Give the genotypic AND phenotypic results of the cross (percentage OR ratio)

Problem:

In humans, male pattern baldness is an X-linked trait.

Show the cross between a male that is not bald and a female that is a carrier.

(Please write or type response, do not use cursive writing due to visual impairment)

Thank you.

Although candida species are not virulent as some microbial pathogens, the fungus can still invade every human tissue. Propose a possible explanation for this observation 10 marks

what are the steps involved in the metastatic cascade?

tell us about your 'unique' trait requires ENERGY. How do you think this is related to metabolic processes such as the Citric Acid cycle and Electron Transport chain?