explain how this relationship between niche overlap, phylogenetic relationship , and competition would lead to the prediction that competitive exclusion of one species by another is more likely when two species are close relatives.

1). In the event of a eukaryotic pathogen, discuss a way that you could potentially treat the pathogen while minimizing damage to the eukaryotic cells of the host? 1a). How (mechanism of action) does broad spectrum antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell wall using its Beta-Lactam structure?

4. A culture of bacteria growing at 37°C was shifted to 25°C. How would you expect this shift to alter the fatty acid composition of the membrane phospholipids? Explain. If bacteria were able to synthesize cholesterol, how would you expect this shift to alter their membrane’s cholesterol concentration?

BIO 474 Mid Term Review

1) Describe attributes of the active transport of ions and, specifically, characteristics of the electrogenic Na - K pump. How does active transport maintain homeostasis?

2) Describe the ionic basis of the resting potential and briefly outline the derivation of the Nernst potential. What are typical Nernst potentials for K+, Na+, Cl-, and Ca++? What influences might these potentials have on ionic currents in neurons?

3) Describe the voltage-clamp, how it is used to investigate voltage-dependent phenomena like the action potential. What are the membrane mechanisms (citing evidence) underlying the various "magical" properties fo the action potential?

4) Describe the unitary signal-channel events that can be recorded with patch-clamp electrodes. Name techniques for recording currents from single ion channels? How are those events related to membrane proteins (e.g. associated with the action potential) and to the large net currents recorded in standard voltage - clamp records?

5) Describe the evidence for quantal release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, including those involving calculations of number molecules released.

6) Describe the following synaptic phenomena: adaptation, desensitization, facilitation, Post-tetanic potentiation, Neuromodulation. Describe the following modes of neural integration: spatial and temporal summation, convergence/divergence, feedback inhibition and excitation, reciprocal inhibition, and serial/parallel processing.

7) Draw and describe a cellular model for associative learning in some molecular detail. List 6 ways neurons can change PRE - synaptic and/or Post - synaptic actions/responses.

Using Venn diagram, compare the following groups of animals based on similarities and differences. Reptiles and Amphibians

1. Reptiles and Amphibians
2. Vertebrates and Invertebrates
3. Birds (Aves) and Mammals
4. Free living and Sessile

CHAPTER 4: Modification of Mendelian Ratios

•  Know the definition of: Wild-type Allele and Null Allele

•  Know the difference between: Gain-of-Function Mutation, Loss-of-Function Mutation, Neutral

  Mutation

•  HAVE to know the difference between: Incomplete Dominance (heterozygote is an intermediate

  phenotype) and Codominance (both alleles are expressed)

•  Know: Multiple alleles can exist for one gene – must observe in populations

•  Know what Lethal Alleles are (homozygous recessive – lethal)

•  Know how to apply the Fork-line Method and Product Rule for finding phenotypic probabilities when

  inheriting two genes with different modes of inheritance

•  Know the definition of: Gene Interaction

I need a 3-4 page research paper on the following topic: (The class is healthcare law and regulation)

To what extent does regulation create a drag on the efficiency and productivity of the health care industry and to what extent does it facilitate its success?

(I very much appreciate the work that goes into answering these questions! But please do not answer this question with things like a bulleted list, or something copy and pasted from a publication, because that isn't what I am in need of, and I don't want to waste your time or mine;) )

Thanks so much!

please answer the following detailed in a paragraph. I am really struggling with this concept. thanks!

Microorganisms can thrive under many different conditions, including high-temperature environments such as hot springs. To function properly, cell membranes have to be in a fluid state. How do you expect the fatty acid content (saturated versus unsaturated) of bacteria living in high-temperature environments might compare with that of bacteria living in more moderate temperatures?

2. Heating a protein sufficiently may cause it to denature. Considering the definition of denaturation, what does this statement say about the strengths of peptide bonds in comparison to hydrogen bonds?

1. What function do fungi have in common with bacteria?

2. What % of plants obtain minerals through symbiotic relationships with fungi? _______________

3. The cell wall of fungi is made of this substance: ________________________

4. Multicellular fungi consist of thread-like structures called ________________________ that combine to form a thick mat of thread-like fibers called a _____________________________.

5. All fungi are heterotrophs/autotrophs (circle one).

6. Some fungi are saprobes. This means that they obtain nutrients from __________________________________________________.

7. How do fungi obtain nutrients? Explain. 8. What is “budding”?

9. In YOUR OWN WORDS, describe what happens during plasmogamy:

10. What is a dikaryon?

11. IN YOUR OWN WORDS, describe what happens during karyogamy.

12. Karyogamy results in the formation of _________________________________________.

13. Meiosis converts a zygote nucleus into _________________________________________. Know all parts of the generalized fungus life cycle diagram.

14. Define conidial fungi:

15. Scientists believe that the fungi arose from ___________________________________________________________________________.

16. The chytrid fungi (Chytridiomycota) are the ONLY fungi that _______________________ __________________________________________________________________________.

17. What does #16 tell you about the chytrid fungi, compared to the rest of the fungal groups? 18. What is the ecological significance of the chytrid fungi? Explain. This is REALLY important!!!

19. The zygomycetes (Zygomycota) reproduce sexually by structures called __________________________________.

20. What happens after a zygospore undergoes meiosis?

What result would you obtain if you carried out the incubation with an anti-GFP antibody instead of anti-RFP antibody as the primary antibody? Explain why.

What result would you obtain if you switched the antibodies? Meaning the primary antibody was used as the secondary antibody and vice versa. Explain what is happening on the blot and what is detected.

Carbohydrates

Importance

Monomer/s:

Polymers:

Fun Fact:

Lipids

Importance:

Monomer/s:

Polymers/s:

Fun Fact:

Proteins

Importance:

Monomer/s:

Polymer/s:

Fun Facts:

Nucleic Acids

Importance:

Monomer/s:

Polymer/s:

Fun Facts: