A big advantage with the evolution of pollination was:

1. Asexual reproduction could happen
2. Sexual reproduction could happen in dry environment
3. Sexual reproduction could happen underwater
4. Sexual reproduction could happen in environments water

2. If you compared plant reproduction to that of animals, the cells in pollination would be equivalents to:

1. The ovary
2. Sperm
3. An unfertilized egg
4. A zygote

3. The group of Gymnosperms includes:

1. Brown Algae
2. Ferns
3. Flowering Plants
4. Evergreens and Conifers

4. The Angiosperms include:

1. Ferns
2. Christmas Tree
3. Some Unicellular Organisms
4. Plants with fruit

5. The biggest difference between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms:

1. Whether they have leaves or not
2. Whether they have flowers or not
3. Whether they have seeds or not
4. Whether they have circulatory structures or not

A single strand of DNA, 24 nucleotides long, with the sequence

5'-TTTCCCgggAAAgggTTTAAAggg-3'

is in a test tube. (Note that G's are shown in lowercase, so that your eye can better distinguish them from C's)

Other than the appropriate buffer solution, what else needs to go in the test tube to so that we end up with a piece of double stranded DNA, 24 base pairs long, with the above sequence comprising one of the two strands? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

The primer 5'-TTTCCCg-3'

The primer 5'-CCCTTTA-3'

deoxynucleotide triphosphates

deoxynucleotide monophosphates

The primer 5'-CgggAAA-3'

The primer 5'-CCTTTCC-3'

The primer 5'-TAAAggg-3'

DNA unwindase

DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

Which statements describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries?

-Lymphatic capillaries have a layer of smooth muscle in their walls.

-Collagen filaments anchor the endothelium to loose connective tissue.

-The endothelial cells are not tightly joined together.

-Lymphatic capillaries are part of a closed circuit.

Which of the cells are lymphoid cells (lymphocytes)?

-B cells

-antigens

-helper T cells

-hematopoietic stem cells

Which leukocyte can destroy microorganisms and remove cell debris?

-plasma cell

-dendritic cell

-macrophage

-T lymphocyte

Which is a function of lymph nodes?

-to filter out toxins, such as alcohol

-to store platelets

-to filter out old, damaged red blood cells

-to filter out foreign material and cell waste

What is the lymph‑related function of the appendix?

-secretes lipases that break down triglycerides

-connects the small intestine to the lymph nodes

-removes excess fluid from the small intestine

-protects the intestines from foreign antigens

The Calvin cycle “dark” reactions, which fix CO2, do not function in the dark, what are the likely reasons for this. How are these reactions regulated by light?

1. Describe the compound light microscope, what are the function of the stage clips. Specify what type of objects or organisms you would look at using each of these microscopes respectively.

2. Identify two structures that are unique to the plant cells and provide each of their functions. Describe what happens to a plant cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution and be sure to state the name of this process.

3. Name the four factors that affect enzyme activity. Explain how two factors promote enzyme activity and explain how two factors inhibit enzyme activity.

4. Compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Be sure to describe the similarities and major differences.

5. Explain what alleles are and describe the difference between an autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorder.  

You have three genes on the same chromosome - A, B and C. Each gene has two alleles in a dominant/recessive relationship. For these genes the homozygous recessive has the mutant phenotype for that trait, the dominant phenotype = wild type for that trait.

• allele A is dominant to a; phenotype a = mutant for trait a; phenotype A = wild type for trait A
• allele B is dominant to b; phenotype b = mutant for trait b; phenotype B = wild type for trait B
• allele C is dominant to c; phenotype c = mutant for trait c; phenotype C = wild type for trait C

Note: phenotypes can be represented by single letters. For example phenotype A = genotypes Aa or AA; phenotype a = genotype aa. Assume that phenotype ab = mutant phenotype for traits a and b, and wild type phenotype for trait C.

You cross an individual heterozygote for all three genes, with an individual who is homozygote recessive for all three. Out of 10,000 offspring you get the following phenotypes and amounts:

• phenotype a - 98
• phenotype b - 150
• phenotype c - 4751
• phenotype ab - 4749
• phenotype ac - 147
• phenotype bc - 99
• phenotype abc - 3
• wild type - 3

Use this information to answer the following questions.

For each phenotype determine if the number of offspring you are observing is greater or less than you'd expect if all three genes are sorting independently (expectation = independent assortment).

Use the information at the top of this page to choose the correct answer.

For phenotype a there are ( less/more) offspring observed than expected.

For phenotype b there are ( less/more) offspring observed than expected.

For phenotype c there are ( less/more) offspring observed than expected.

For phenotype ab there are ( less/more) offspring observed than expected.

For phenotype ac there are (less/more) offspring observed than expected.

For phenotype bc there are ( less/more) offspring observed than expected.

For phenotype abc there are ( less/more) offspring observed than expected.

For wild type there are ( less/more) offspring observed than expected.

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Based on the information given and your answer to the previous questions, what was the genotype of the heterozygous parent, in the correct order?

Select one:

a. BAc/baC

b. ACB/acb

c. ABc/abC

d. AcB/aCb

e. ABC/abc

Clear my choice

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Given the information at the top of the page, determine the recombination frequency for A-C. Show your work here!

Note: You will choose the correct answer in the question below (multiple choice). This is for you to show your work.

You can show your work by typing out the math (fractions, % or decimals; can use any format you like) or explaining how you found the answer in words, or a combination of both. Basically any description/showing of your work even if your answer is wrong = 2 marks.

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Given the information at the top of the page, what is the recombination frequency for A-C? Frequency is given as a number from 0 to 1.

Select one:

a. 0.03

b. 0.1

c. 0.02

d. 0.05

e. 0.015

A cell is defective in succinate dehydrogenase. Will its HIF-1 be hydroxylated by PH-2 under this condition? Justify.

1- Compare and contrast microbial fermentation and aerobic respiration in sugarbased catabolic systems. Please use diagrams and figures to help explain your answer.

2. Outline the three fundamentals of metabolism. In your answer give examples of each of these fundamentals associated with sugar catabolism. Please use diagrams and figures to illustrate your answer.

~ALL OF THESE PARTS ARE STRICTLY ASKING ABOUT The Antibiotic Degrading Enzyme, NOT ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN GENERAL~ the more specific the better; preferably typed, as to be legible; thank you so much in advance

Please describe to me the mechanism of and behind the form of antibiotic resistance of antibiotic degrading enzymes (like what the processes that it works under). Also, which class of antibiotics does the mechanism of antibiotic degrading enzymes attack? Finally, which antibiotic-resistant bacteria are using the mechanism employed by an antibiotic degrading enzyme.

Genetically, how does an organism become antibiotic-resistant? How does the mechanism for resistance spread through a microbial community?

A) How does a polar covalent bond differ from a non-polar covalent bond?

B. ) In a single molecule of water, what is the type of bond between the two hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom?

Which type of enzyme is routinely used in biotechnology to cut DNA into fragments?

Nuclear transplantation (somatic cell nuclear transfer) is a technique that requires multiple steps. Which of the following steps is nota part of this technique?
a. production of an enucleated egg (egg with the nucleus removed)

b. de-differentiated (re-programmed) somatic cell

c. fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell

d. fusion of a de-differentiated somatic cell with an enucleated egg

(1) Pre Lab Question: You are working in the lab and are told to create an artificial membrane from phospholipids. You are then instructed to add certain solutes to the membrane to see if it works appropriately.

Rank the permeability for the following across a phospholipid membrane for the following:

lysine, urea, sodium ion, insulin, water, indole

Huntington's Disease: The role of the protein targeted by the antisense