Biology

1. What is the correct order (from small to large)?

1. cells, organelles, organ system, community, ecosystems
2. molecules, organism, population, communities, biosphere
3. molecules, cells, tissues, ecosystems, communities
4. organelles, cells, population, biosphere, ecosystems
5. cells, organs, population, ecosystems, communities

2. All of the gray squirrels that inhabit an oak forest describes a/an:

1. ecosystem
2. biosphere
3. community
4. population
5. colony

3. An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8. How many electrons are in the first, second, and third electron shells, respectively?

1. 2, 3, 3
2. 2, 6, 0
3. 8, 0, 0
4. 0, 4, 4
5. none of the above

4. All lipids

1. are made from glycerol and fatty acids.
2. contain nitrogen.
3. have low energy content.
4. are acidic when mixed with water.
5. do not dissolve well in water.

5. Which is not a function of proteins?

1. help make up membranes
2. carry the code for translation from the nucleus
   to the ribosome
3. bind to hormones (hormone receptor)
4. can be hormones
5. speed chemical reactions

6. Which cellular structure is common to all three domains of life?

1. nucleus
2. endoplasmic reticulum
3. mitochondria
4. phospholipid bilayer cell membrane
5. endocytotic vesicles

7. Which of the following best describes the structure of a biological membrane?

1. two layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded between the two layers
2. a mixture of covalently linked phospholipids and proteins that determines which solutes can cross the membrane and which cannot
3. two layers of phospholipids with proteins either spanning
   the layers or on the surface of the layers
4. a fluid structure in which phospholipids and proteins move freely between sides of the membrane
5. two layers of phospholipids (with opposite orientations of the phospholipids in each layer) with each layer covered on the outside with proteins

8. Cells (e.g., bacteria) are taken up by other cells (e.g., an immune cell) by which of the following?

1. pinocytosis
2. exocytosis
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis
4. phagocytosis
5. facilitated diffusion

9. Cellular respiration can best be described as

1. using energy released from breaking high-energy covalent bonds in organic molecules to force ATP formation from ADP and phosphate.
2. taking electrons from food and giving them to
   phosphate to make ATP.
3. taking electrons from food and giving them to
   oxygen to make water and using the energy
   released to drive ATP formation.
4. converting higher-energy organic molecules to lower-energy organic molecules and using the energy
   released to drive ATP formation.

10. Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?

1. It splits water.
2. It produces FADH₂.
3. It occurs in the cytoplasm.
4. It makes the most ATP
   compared to the two
   other steps.
5. It splits lipids.

11. How many chromosomes are in the middle cell?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 4
4. 8

12. Although the chromosome begins M phase looking as shown below, when is it split?

1. prophase
2. prometaphase
3. metaphase
4. anaphase
5. telophase

13. Which of the following transmits genes from both parents to child, or from one generation of a family to another?

1. DNA
2. gametes
3. somatic cells
4. mitosis
5. nucleotides

14. Privet shrubs and humans each have a diploid number of 46 chromosomes per cell. Why are the two species so dissimilar?

1. Privet chromosomes undergo only mitosis.
2. Privet chromosomes are shaped differently.
3. Human chromosomes have genes grouped
   together differently.
4. The two species have appreciably different
   genes.
5. Privets do not have sex chromosomes.

15. Crossing over begins to occur during

1. anaphase I
2. anaphase II
3. prophase I
4. metaphase II
5. telophase II

16. In this cell, what phase is represented?

1. mitotic metaphase
2. meiosis I anaphase
3. meiosis I metaphase
4. meiosis II anaphase
5. meiosis II metaphase

17. Pea plants were particularly well suited for use in Mendel’s breeding experiments for all of the following reasons except that

1. peas show easily observed variations in a number of characters, such as pea shape and flower color.
2. it is possible to control matings between different pea plants.
3. it is possible to obtain large numbers of progeny from any given cross.
4. peas have an unusually long generation time.
5. many of the observable characters that vary in pea plants are controlled by single genes.

18. A cross between homozygous purple-flowered and homozygous white-flowered pea plants results in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates

1. the blending model of genetics.
2. true breeding.
3. dominance.
4. a dihybrid cross.
5. the mistakes made by Mendel.

Help, please

Water-soluble vitamins participate in all of the following functions except

Group of answer choices

blood formation.

acting as antioxidants.

maintaining the nervous system.

lipid metabolism.

The fact that genes have been �conserved� throughout evolution

Select one:

a. means that genes that perform certain functions in lower animals have been maintained even in human DNA.

b. enables organisms like yeast to be able to use human genes to function.

c. connects all living organisms to a common ancestor approximately 3.5 billion years ago.

d. is upheld by all of the above.

e. tells us nothing about any of the above.

f. tells us that conservative politicians ought to be able to determine whether or not we accept this evidence.

Note: not (a) alone or (c) alone

Most bacteria can easily be lysed by heating to a high temperature, thus eliminating the need for a separate DNA extraction step prior to DNA amplification by PCR. Probiotic bacteria are notoriously difficult to lyse, requiring enzymatic or physical disruption methods. Explain why (think about gram identity and the environmental conditions for probiotic bacteria).

Eukaryotic cells also require DNA extraction steps, unlike most bacteria. Explain why (think about the differences in cell structure).

Many DNA extraction protocols include a step where DNA is precipitated from solution, thus enabling the isolation of pure DNA. This step involves the addition of salt and alcohol. Explain why the addition of salt and ethanol causes DNA to precipitate from an aqueous solution. (Think about the structure of DNA and its interaction with an aqueous solvent).

Discuss the evolutionary trends in the genus Homo. Start with the transition from early Homo to Homo erectus and end with the Neandertals. Be sure to include the temporal and geographic distributions of the various species of Homo.

Sub: Anthropology

QUESTION 19

1. Light dependent reactions are carried out both on and in between photosystems. This process is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in that both

   		reaction sequences carry out electron transfer phosphorylations.
   		processes generate ATP.
   		processes involve electron flow.
   		systems are lodged along and within a membrane surface.
   		all of the above.

3.2 points   

QUESTION 20

1. Each wavelength of light has its own

   		temperature.
   		separate source where it’s generated.
   		energy level.
   		molecular structure.
   		interference pattern.

3.2 points   

QUESTION 21

1. ________ organisms build their own energy-rich molecules using solar energy.

   		Micro-
   		Autotrophic
   		Tropical
   		Multicellular
   		Marine

3.2 points   

QUESTION 22

1. Energy supplied to break bonds in reactant molecules is known as

   		electrical potential.
   		action potential.
   		supplemental energy.
   		activation energy.
   		feedback inhibition.

3.2 points   

QUESTION 23

1. Accessory pigments enable the chloroplast to

   		absorb and thus use a wider range of wavelengths of light.
   		carry out both photosynthesis and respiration.
   		store light energy for use during the night.
   		continue functioning when only non-visible wavelengths are available.
   		attract a different set of insects to the plant in the fall season.

3.2 points   

QUESTION 24

1. In respiration, chemical energy is transferred from glucose to ATP. The energy transfer however, is not 100% efficient. In the transfer, some of the energy is lost as

   		carbon dioxide.
   		heat.
   		pyruvate.
   		light.
   		ADP.

3.2 points   

QUESTION 25

1. In a crowded, unventilated room, the temperature rises because

   		people’s cells burn glucose inefficiently giving off heat.
   		people in crowded rooms tend to talk more.
   		the carbon dioxide people exhale is loaded with potential energy.
   		people’s respiration process consumes most of the available energy.
   		people consume oxygen leaving behind smaller molecules that move faster.

How does dentinal tubule occlusion stop dentin hypersensitivity?

how would SEC (size-exclusive chromatography) enhance (or not) for protein purification and why? What advantages or disadvantages? What could

be done in the future for greater purification?

The patient is a 62 year old female with nausea and abdominal pain. Routine screening endoscopy shows a diffuse gastritis and biopsy reveals small bacteria in the superficial gastric mucus.

What type of organisms do you suspect?

The biopsy also shows lymphoepithelial lesions with lymphocytes invading and destroying gastric glands. The gastric mucosa is diffusely infiltrated by small mature lymphocytes. What is your diagnosis?


How should this patient be treated?

Once COVID-19 infected the host cell (human), its components (COVID-19 proteins) can be made.

Name and explain the process involved

1. Name:

2. Process:

When a plant grows, the atoms used come from carbon dioxide in the air and water. Plants are able to accomplish this through the process of photosynthesis, cellular respiration and biosynthesis of macromolecules.

Where does the energy come from that allow plants to synthesize the necessary biological macromolecules that allow it to grow? Hint: It is NOT from sunlight. Explain your answer.

Lysozyme is an enzyme produced by humans that also targets peptidoglycan. Does it have the same mechanism of action as the penicillins and cephalosporins? Explain.

What key elements have the biggest impact in human eye color and does modern biology give any tools to define the color of the future child’s eyes based on his or her parents’ eyes? Is it only genetics that stands behind eye color? Please use an in-depth investigative response. 1200 words. Thank you!

9. A ___________ life table would be most appropriate for a population of sessile barnacles, whereas a _________________ life table would be most appropriate for a population of baitfish such as herring. *

2 points

a. static; composition

b. cohort; stable

c. static; cohort

d. cohort; static