Question

**please answer all questions thorougly for good rating**

**be sure to leave sources used below**

You are assigned Cephalosporins. Please answer the following questions about your assigned antibiotic.

• How does it kill bacteria?
• Is your antibiotic selectively toxic? Please explain your answer, including the definition of selective toxicity.
• How could a bacteria become resistant to your antibiotic? Your answer should include the concepts of mutation and natural selection.
• What are some actions we, as a society, can take to limit antibiotic resistance?
• For your assigned antibiotic, describe an experiment that you could use to determine if a bacterial sample taken from a person was resistant to your antibiotic. Be sure to describe all steps of the experiment including your independent, dependent and control variables.

Answer 1

1. Bacteria contains cell wall that is composed of peotidoglycan. Cephalosporin dirupts peotidoglycon synthesis and thereby cell wall permeability is increased and bacterial cell will lyse

2 . Selective toxicity is selective killing of microbe but not the host means the antimicrobial agent should selectively kill bacteria but not the infected individual. By creating drugs that are specific to molecules that are present in microbes can be used to kill microbes alone. Cephalosporin is selectively toxic since it disrupts bacterial cell wall component that is peotidoglycan but not the host cell

3. Bacteria developes antibiotic resistance upon frquent exposure of antibiotic. Using mutation strategies it changes the allele so that antibiotic cannot target the microbe. Natural selection selects the fittest allele ( resistant allele ) over non fit allele and thereby only resistant allele containing bacteria survives and reproduce.

4. Overuse or unprescribed use of antibiotic should be avoided

Antibiotics should be taken as per medical practises

As per prescription, all the doses should be taken up by the individual

5. Prepare the media containing antibiotic and without antbiotic

Media without antibiotic is control

Plate the sample in both control and antibiotic containing plate

Only resistant microbe will grow in antibiotic containing plate

We can identify whether the bacterial sample is resistant or not based on the growth

Independent varible is antibiotic treatments and dependent variable is bacterial growth count