VNTRs are useful in DNA forensics because ________.

a. the VNTRs act as an identifier for a group of individuals

b. the VNTRs have very little variation in length

c. the VNTRs have exactly the same sequence between people

d. the number of VNTRs varies between people

Give a specific example of how the cytoskeleton functions in movement of a cellular component or of the whole cell itself. Your example must include the specific element of the cytoskeleton involved and details about how movement is created.

Mammalogy: Compare and contrast

Homoplasy

• Parallelism

• Convergence  

Phylogeny

• Cladistic grouping

• Phylogeny

1. Entomologists (scientists who study insects) agree that it’s difficult to measure intelligence in insects. However, most say that the social insects seem to show the highest degree of intelligence (demonstrating memory, problem solving, learning, etc.). Why do you think social insects are so smart compared to other insects? Provide two reasons in your answer.

2. What do you think would happen if you stimulated an axon in its middle rather than at the axon hillock? Explain your reasoning.

3. Many neurotoxins have been used extensively in physiological studies of neurons. When comparing tetrodotoxin found in puffer fish and batrachotoxins from poison dart-frogs, the former had no effect on a neuron's resting potential but completely stopped its action potential, whereas the later toxin immediately initiates depolarization of a neuron but prevents repolarization. Can your group hypothesize how these toxins affect the nerve transmission differently?

Consider a locus with two alleles - B and b. B is dominant, while b is recessive. There is no mutation. B has a selective advantage relative to b, so that the fitnesses of the three genotypes are BB = 1, Bb = 1, and bb = 1-s. In this case, s = 0.50, so that bb homozygotes have 50% fitness of heterozygotes and BB homozygotes. If the population has the following genotypic counts prior to selection of BB = 500, Bb = 250, and bb = 250, what is the frequency of B after one generation with selection? Please give your answer to two decimal places.

Note: the answer is not .39 or .625

2) What are the essential molecules of life? Discuss these molecules in relation to two examples of early research investigating the origins of life. (who was doing the research??).

Explain why eyes are the preferred portal of entry for most microbes.

1) Describe the structural features of peptide b-turns and how are they distinctly different from b-sheets.

2) Describe a spectroscopic technique for characterizing b-turn secondary structures in peptides.

why would a scientist who needs to know the population size of an organism not simply count every individual of a species in an area?