Draw a workflow of the original Sanger Sequencing and explain how the automated Sanger method is more efficient.

1. Determine if the alleged father can be the real father of the child. Answer True for Yes and False for No.

Mother is type A, child is type A, alleged father is type B

2.Diploid human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. The number of DNA molecules present in human cells during Metaphase of meiosis I and metaphase of mitosis is 92. True or False?

3.Determine whether the alleged father is the real father of the child. Answer True for Yes and False for No.

Mother is type O, child is type O, alleged father is type A

4.Determine if the alleged father can be the real father of the child. Answer True for Yes and False for No.

Mother is type AB, child is type AB, alleged father is type B

Glucose Catabolism

1) Aerobic cellular respiration

• Glycolysis, Citric Acid cycle, Electron Transport Chain etc.

2) Anaerobic Respiration

3) Fermentation

Name the three major pathways for glucose catabolism (on the top ^) and briefly describe them (names of major step, inputs, outputs). For inputs and outputs, consider both carbon-based molecules and energy-containing molecules.  

For each pathway, discuss:

• An example of a final electron acceptors for each pathway

• The relative electronegativity of the final electron acceptor (comparing the 3 pathways)

• Relative amount of ATP made  

• Whether the pathway is complete or incomplete oxidation

• Whether the pathway is aerobic or anaerobic

Thank you in advance :)

Part I: Mitosis

1. Where are the chromosomes during metaphase?

2. What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase? What happens to actual chromosomes in prophase?

3. When do the nucleoli disappear?

4. When do the nucleoli reappear?

5. How is cytokinesis different in plants and animals?

6. What is the result of mitosis?

7. What cytoskeletal structure makes up the spindle apparatus?

8. Does the ploidy level of the cell change because of mitosis?

9. What is the function of the centromere?

10. As our cell has centrioles, what type of cell are we modeling?

11. Which type of cytoskeletal element is involved in cytokinesis?

12. What is the purpose of mitosis in humans?

Part II: Meiosis

1. Do sister chromatids or homologs separate in Anaphase I?

2. How is Prophase I different from prophase II?

3. After which step are the cells haploid?

4. Are the four cells resulting from meiosis genetically identical?

5. What processes in meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

6. What is the purpose of meiosis in humans?

7. Where in humans does meiosis occur?

8. Are the cells resulting from meiosis haploid or diploid?

Transcription requires _____ to add nucleotides to form an new molecule.

Question 58 options:

Question 59 (2 points)

The large ribosomal subunit

Question 59 options:

Question 60 (2 points)

Which is the mRNA complement of the DNA sequence 3’ ATTCCGAGCTTA 5’?

Question 60 options:

Question 61 (2 points)

Which is the mRNA complement of the DNA sequence 5’ ACGGTCGGAT 3’

Question 61 options:

Question 62 (2 points)

During elongation, a new peptide (protein) is produced

Question 62 options:

Question 63 (2 points)

The stop codon causes

Question 63 options:

Question 64 (2 points)

The first stage of translation is known as:

Question 64 options:

Question 65 (2 points)

Which of the following transfer RNA binding sites are found on the ribosome?

Question 65 options:

Question 66 (2 points)

What type of mutation has occurred in the sample compared to the reference sequence?

Reference sequence: 5’ A T G C C T G A T T G C 3’

Sample sequence: 5’ A T G C C T T A T T G C 3’

Question 66 options:

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele A is 0.35. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?

Match each scenario with the type or mode of selection that fits best. Answers can be used more than once. Group of answer choices

1.A population of Madagascar hissing cockroaches lives in a woodpile. It suffers heavy predation from lizards. Because their heads are small, the lizards are unable to eat the very largest adult cockroaches, and instead prey upon small and medium sized adults. What type of selection do the lizards impose on the roaches?

2.Indian paintbrush flowers vary from dark to light red in color. Bumblebees form a search image for flowers that have medium (average) red coloration, and preferentially pollinate those flowers.

3.A beetle species is introduced to an island covered with dark basaltic rock. The beetles range in coloration from dark brown to a very light brown. On this dark background, darker beetles are much more resistant to predation than are lighter-colored beetle. The dark beetles have a large selective advantage. All phenotype are relatively common in the group of beetles released on the new island.

4.In a species of bird, individuals with genotype MM are susceptible to avian malaria, Mm birds are resistant to avian malaria, and the mm birds are resistant to avian malaria, but the mm birds are also vulnerable to avian pox.

Explain the molecular process of digestion of starch with Amylase?

How would ph, water and temperature affect this

What are the categories that organisms can be grouped in based on their nutritional requirements. Find one microorganism, either a prokaryote or eukaryote, and describe the environment in which it lives. (Does it live underwater? On skin? In soil? Give as many details as possible!) What are nutritional needs and environmental requirements. (Is it a halophile? A chemoheterotroph?

How might parental care also be costly to a care-giving parent? How do costs vary for males versus females?

1. (a) How do Chaperones prevent aggregation?

(b) Is the existence of chaperons, and their necessity in many cases, consistent with the idea that ALL of the folding information for proteins is in the primary sequence?

(c) Reconcile (or refute) the fact that chaperonins require ATP energy for their activity with the statement that proteins "self-assemble".

Certain antibody isotypes are more important from blood-borne infections while other isotypes are more important for food-borne infections. Taking this into consideration, draw two different immunoglobulin with different effector functions, present in two different tissues of the body. Your drawing should demonstrate the effect the specific antibody isotype has within the tissue.

Include:

1) labels to indicate the isotype of the antibody you have drawn

2) labels to indicate the receptor that recognizes the antibody, the cell with the receptor, the tissue which the cell is located in, an antigen binding to the antibody, and the effect the antibody performs.

3) add a sentence or two to describe what happens to a person lacking the certain receptor or antibody you have described in each drawing.

Discuss all aspects of the LDL-R pathway – the receptor’s structure, interactions with the LDLs, the structure of the LDLs and where made, their endocytosis, recycling of receptors, role of pH – how let go of LDL, and fate of LDL within the cell.

PLEASE ANSWER IN DETAIL

Fruit flies, like all insects, are covered with fine, hair-like bristles, which serve as sensory structures.

You discover a male fruit fly, which has short, under-developed bristles.  

You cross this male fly with a female fly with normal bristles. Of 400 progeny, you count 205 flies with normal bristles and 195 with short bristles. You cross two F₁ flies (both have short bristles) and count 400 progeny; 267 have short bristles and 133 have normal bristles.

A test cross of the F₁ short bristle flies results in the following results: 195 flies with short bristles and 205 flies with normal bristles.

A reciprocal cross (short-bristled female flies with normal males) yields similar results in the F₂.

A. Do what of inheritance pattern do you think this trait is showing ?   

B. What conclusions can you make about the allele causing short bristles and the genotype of the original male?

C. What is the best explanation for this phenotypic pattern?

I chose

A. Homozygous dominant lethality

B. dominant

C. Individuals with the genotype BB and Bb show SHORT bristles, and those with bb show NORMAL bristles

But I got 4/6 points, not sure which I got wrong.