Proteins

1. What is the monomer of a protein?
2. What is one of the most important roles of an enzyme?
3. Describe what happens to protein function when a protein is denatured.
4. Explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids.
5. Draw an amino acid.
6. What are the four levels of protein structure? Provide a definition/description of each level.
   1. Explain how the primary structure of a protein is determined.
   2. Name two types of secondary protein structure. Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining secondary structure.
   3. Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure. – R group interactions

What are the advantages and disadvantages of viewing sexual orientation as having a biological basis? In other words, describe the social implications of this view.

Does anyone know these?

1) a) reactions that require an input of energy are called___
- is the answer endergonic /spontaneous ??

b) proteins on the surface of the coronavirus allow them too e enter into our cels during an infection by binding to receptors. since receptors pass through the plasma membrane these proteins are called _______. The virus enters by being engulfed by your cell in process known as ________
- is the answer: integral proteins, and phagocytosis?

c)T/F (if false give right answer)- signaling events that travel via blood vessels are called autocrine signals

- true??

3) Describe the photosynthesis-relevant characteristics of light.

1. How do each of the components in PCR work to replicate DNA during a PCR reaction?




2. Why does the WT allele generate a different amplicon from that of the mutant allele?



3. There are two sets of primers: one set to amplify the white gene; another set that amplifies an unrelated gene. What are the two sets for? What are the expected amplicon sizes for each set?

You have just joined a lab and have obtained a flask with J558L cells. You take an aliquot of the cells, dilute the aliquot with Trypan Blue (1:1), and count the cells using a hemocytometer and obtain the following numbers:

1) What is the cell viability?

2) What is the density of the cells (living) in the culture?

1. PCR can generate over 100 _________________ copies of DNA in hours.
2. ____, _____, _____, and _____ are the nucleotides needed to ______ copies of DNA
3. Why do we need to add primers?
4. What can DNA Polymerase withstand that other enzymes cannot?
5. When do your desired fragments start to appear?
6. On cycle ________________, you have over a billion copies of DNA.

1. What is the purpose of the agarose gel?
2. What makes the DNA move?
3. DNA migrates to the _________________ end of the gel.
4. True or False: Long strands of DNA migrate farther than short strands of DNA.
5. Why do we stain the gel?
6. What is agarose made from?
7. Why do we add buffer into the gel mix?
8. What is the gel comb used for?
9. True or False: buffer keeps the gel from drying out.
10. Why add the loading buffer to the DNA sample?
11. Why do we also run a standard?
12. True or False: the red wire will generate a negative charge.
13. True or False: because DNA is negatively charged, it will migrate to the negative pole.
14. How do we know that the current is running in the gel box?
15. Ethidium bromide fits between the ___________ of the DNA ladder and shows up under ___________________ light.
16. Write down your DNA estimates below.

(largest (1) to smallest (3)) bp= base pair

1 ________________bp

2 ________________bp

3 ________________bp

1. Hemoglobin is the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen from your lungs to your cells. Below is a segment of the DNA sequence that codes for a normal hemoglobin protein (the entire gene is much longer). Using the DNA sequence provided, transcribe the sequence into mRNA. Use the bottom strand as the coding strand.

5’ A C T G C C C A T G G T G C A C C T G A C T C C T G A G G A G 3’

3’ T G A C G G G T A C C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C T C C T C 5’

5`-CUC CUC AGG AGU CAG GUG CAC CAU GGG CAG U-3`

2. For hemoglobin, translate the mRNA strand from step 5 to the correct amino acid sequence. Make sure to start translation only after reaching the start codon.

Leu-Leu-Arg-Ser-Gln-Val-His-His-Gly-Gln

3. Sickle cell disease is a symptom of a genetic mutation that alters the structure of the hemoglobin protein. This mutation decreases the function of hemoglobin so it does not transport oxygen efficiently. Below is a segment of the DNA sequence that codes for a sickle cell hemoglobin protein (the entire gene is much longer). Using the DNA sequence provided, transcribe the sequence into mRNA. Use the bottom strand as the coding strand.

5’ A C T G C C C A T G G T G C A C C T G A C T C C T G T G G A G 3’

3’ T G A C G G G T A C C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C A C C T C 5’

3'- GAG GTG TCC TCA GTC CAC GTG GTA CCC GTC A-5'

5'-CUC CAC AGG AGU CAG GUG CAC CAU GGG CAG U-3'

4. For sickle cell hemoglobin, translate the mRNA strand from step 7 to the correct amino acid sequence. Make sure to start translation only after reaching the start codon.

This is the translation from mRna his- arg- ser- gln- Val- his- his- gly- gln

5. Compare the two DNA template strands from step 5 and step 7. Compare the sequences and identify the sickle-cell mutation. How many and what nucleotides changed due to the mutation?

6. Compare the two mRNA strands from step 5 and step 7. Compare the sequences and identify the sickle-cell mutation. How many and what codons changed due to the mutation?

7. Compare the two amino acid strands from step 6 and step 8. Compare the sequences and identify the sickle-cell mutation. How many and what amino acids changed due to the mutation?

Discuss these questions: IN LABORATORY

What would be the consequence of using the wrong color tube?

What could be the consequence of using a needle that is too small, or a performing "traumatic" stick?

When can improper collection be life-threatening?

Why does the lab have to reject a blue top tube that is not filled properly?

Why do we have specific order of draw for collection?

Why is the lactic acid test done when sepsis is suspected?
Explain why the body produces excess lactic acid during sepsis (Be sure to cover all possibilities).
How does this relate to fermentation and final electron acceptors during metabolism?

Describe the process of rhodopsin signaling in rod cells of the mammalian retina.

Describe the most commonly used histological processes from specimen collection to H & E staining.

About 1000 words