Fill in the blanks with the following terms:

Lactate NAD+ fermentation
NADH aerobic anaerobic acetyl CoA


When oxygen is available during glycolysis, the three-carbon pyruvate may be oxidized to form:

(1) ___________________ + CO2, The coenzyme (2) _________________ is reduced to (3) ___________.

Under (4) _______________ conditions, pyruvate is reduced to (5) _________________. In yeast, pyruvate forms ethanol in a process known as (6) __________________.

Associate each of the following descriptions with pathways in glycogen metabolism:
a. glycogenesis b. glycogenolysis
1. _____ breakdown of glycogen to glucose 2._____ activated by glucagon
3. _____ starting material is glucose-6-phosphate 4._____ synthesis of glycogen from glucose
5. _____ activated by insulin 6._____ UDP activates glucose


 
Gluconeogenesis: Glucose Synthesis
Associate each of the following descriptions:
a) gluconeogenesis b) pyruvate c) pyruvate kinase
d) pyruvate carboxylase e) Cori cycle

1. _____ an enzyme in glycolysis that cannot be used in gluconeogenesis

2. _____ a typical non-carbohydrate source of carbon atoms for glucose synthesis.

3. _____ a process whereby lactate produced in muscle is used for glucose synthesis in the liver and used again by the muscle.

4. _____ the metabolic pathway that converts non-carbohydrate sources to glucose.

5. _____ an enzyme used in gluconeogenesis that is not used in glycolysis.

6. _____ a metabolic pathway that is activated when glycogen reserves are depleted.

Match each of the following with the correct metabolic pathway:
A. glycolysis B. glycogenolysis C. gluconeogenesis
D. glycogenesis E. fermentation

1. _____ conversion of pyruvate to alcohol
2. _____ breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
3. _____ formation of glycogen
4. _____ synthesis of glucose
5. _____ breakdown of glycogen to glucose

 

What is a tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK)? Describe how this type of receptor works. Once activated, what kind of enzyme is needed to deactivate the receptor? Explain

The lung airway epithelium regulates the thickness and the pH of the airway surface liquid.

Describe the airway epithelium and highlight the main molecular mechanism involved in regulating the thickness of the airway surface liquid. Where possible, indicate how these processes are altered in cystic fibrosis.

1. Describe evidence suggesting that inter-individual variation in the per gene might account for inter-individual variation in the nature of circadian rhythms expressed.

If you want to identify genes that change expression levels in a mouse model of liver disease under conditions of stress.

(i) What kind of DNA library will be the best one to use and why?

(ii) Based upon your answer, design an experiment which would allow you to identify genes which change expression in the liver in response to a hepatitis infection. Be sure to include experimental parameters such as sample source, preparation, conditions, methods, controls, analysis, expected results.

In regards to protein function:

A) For specific DNA binding proteins,

1. what is the structure of a typically DNA binding protein and how does it interact with DNA?

2. why is there a difference between the major and amino groove in terms of protein binding?

B) describe how the Lac repressor interacts with DNA to find its binding site

C) describe how a catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction

D) how is the structure of enzymes used to design drugs for diseases like HIV?

E) what are the three steps of motor protein action?

1. What does the Beer-Lambert Law allow you to do?

2. Under what conditions is the Beer-Lambert Law valid?

3. Under what conditions is the Beer-Lambert Law not valid?

How does the 6S RNA promote global changes in gene expression?

Provide examples of how small RNAs can promote RNA degradation?

What is a molecular mechanism by which small RNAs promote translation? Provide an example where this may regulate a virulence factor.

What is a molecular mechanism by which small RNAs inhibit translation? Provide an example where this may regulate a virulence factor.

What is the function of Hfq and what role does it play in various mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation?

How does RNAIII function to promote S. aureus pathogenesis in response to quorum sensing signals?

Your friend gives you their special plant food and claims it will make your plant grow much faster than water alone does.

Describe a simple experiment you can do to test the hypothesis that "special plant food will make plants grow faster". You have two plants, water, the special plant food and a measuring stick.

The opening CSF pressure when you performed the lumbar puncture was 101 mmH₂O. The CSF analysis revealed a white blood cell (WBC) count of 5X10⁶ /L, clear appearance, a protein level of 0.62 g/L, and a glucose level of 70% of serum levels. A CSF EIA for pathogens was ordered, the result of which would be available 12 hours after the lumbar puncture had been performed. But Jose had already slipped into a coma. Describe these results and if/how they change your preliminary diagnosis.

How are the molecular pathways that control apoptosis and axonal pruning similar and different?

a. In sequence, name the structures and tissue systems through which a molecule of water passes from the time it is absorbed from the soil until it evaporates through a stoma. b. Explain how a guard cell regulates the opening and closing of stoma, describing the advantages and disadvantages of this regulatory system.