Both D-glucose and maltose (a disaccharide composed of two glucose residues) can be used as carbon sources by Escherichia coli. However, D-glucose is taken up by an example of the sugar phosphotransferase system and maltose is taken up by an example of an ABC transporter system. What are the differences between these systems? What are their protein components? What is the source of energy for accumulation of the sugar against a concentration gradient? In which form does the sugar appear in the cell?

Background information In this lab, you will test the hypothesis that the evolution of skull shape within the human lineage took place largely by changing the timing of events in development from a chimpanzee-like ancestor. The change in shape during development (that is, allometry) is a source of heritable variation that can lead to adaptive evolution. In this lab, we’re focusing on how morphology (the shape of an organism) changes through time instead of focusing on how genes change through time. However, these two biological disciplines are united in the study of evolutionary development, or “evo-devo” for short (Carroll 2005). Growth from fertilized egg (zygote) to adult involves a host of complex interactions among genes, molecules, and tissues. Subtle alterations in the timing of gene expression, especially for regulatory genes, can have far-reaching consequences that result in different adult morphology (Carroll 2005).

1. Read the of the above information, and then paraphrase the primary hypothesis you will test in this lab. Next, represent this hypothesis as a schematic (concept map), by drawing what you think the ancestral skull looked like and how the shape of the skull evolved in descendent species.

difference between 19th century marriage by Kate chopin and todays marriage

1. What is an infectious dose? Would a more virulent organism have a higher or lower infectious dose? What can affect the infectious dose of a microbe?

Relate the concepts of population ecology, including population distributions, growth curves, and species interactions to the recent coronavirus pandemic. In your answer, relate recent patterns of COVID-19 and predict future patterns based on reasoning from these concepts. Your answer should demonstrate your understanding of population ecology.

In ELISA, what is the purpose of blocking the well with something like the Bovine Serum Albumen? Is it to prevent the primary antibodies from binding to the well? If so, why would the primary antibodies bind to the well instead of the antigen ?

Answer the following questions with respect to transcription:

• What is the template?
• What is the name of the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA?

Yellow body color (y), crossveinless wings(cv) and forked bristles (f) are all recessive and in that order on the X chromosome in Drosophila. Yellow is 14 map units from crossveinless and crossveinless is 22 map units from forked. A yellow, crossveinless female is crossed to a forked male. An F1 female is testcrossed to a male expressing all three traits. If the coefficient of coincidence is 0.9, how many completely wild type flies will be observed out of 1000?

From the same testcross, how many flies will express forked only?

How many flies expressing yellow only will be observed?

Please explain and show work.

1. You want to express Erythropoietin (EPO) in mass quantities. EPO is a glycoprotein hormone responsible for the control of RBC synthesis in the bone marrow. It has invaluable medical usages in animals and cancer therapy. It is important to note that it has highly complex glycosylations.

1. Which expression system would you use to appropriately and efficiently express your gene of interest? Briefly explain the reason for your choice.

1. b. You implement your gene of interest into your designed expression system. However, after your extraction step, you are not able to obtain the desired protein of interest. List one possible reason why this occurred and state how you would address this problem.
2. c. You decide to produce your desired protein in large batches. You obtain a small sample from your bioreactor and observe “clumps” within the cells. What do you think those could be? Based on this answer, propose a possible solution.

You are developing primers for a wildlife forensic case and want to identify both species and distinguish between individuals.
a) For which type of analysis would you want to develop/use degenerate primers? Why?

b) If the primer you developed for species ID is 14bp, the mitochondrial genome is 18500 bp, and the nuclear genome is 3.2x109bp, how many times would you expect it to bind to each of the respective genomes assuming the same primer could bind to both the mtDNA and nDNA genomes? (2marks)

c) Comment on the specificity of the primer if this primer was intended to amplify only a mtDNA region and not a nDNA region.

The protein encoded by CDC33 has a molecular weight of 24 kD. There are about 6 picograms of TOTAL protein per haploid yeast cell. The Cdc33 protein is present in 3000 copies per cell. What fraction of the total protein in a yeast cell is Cdc33 protein?

Ch 21The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

  4. Describe how lymph nodes function as lymphatic organs.

  5. Describe the function, recirculation, and activation of lymphocytes.

  6. Relate the structure of lymphoid tissue to its infection-fighting function.

  7. Describe the locations, histological structure, and immune functions of the following lymphoid organs: thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules in the intestine and appendix.

  8. Describe the basic characteristics of two disorders of the lymphatic vessels: chylothorax, lymphangitis; and three disorders of lymphocytes and lymphoid organs; mononucleosis, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

3. What is the common label used to detect amplicons if you use agarose gel electrophoresis?

5. I ordered an 18-mer oligonucleotide primer from Fisher Scientific. What is an 18-mer?

8. You begin a PCR with 20 copies of the DNA template. After 5 cycles, approximately how many copies of amplicon do you have?

Match each DNA repair mechanism with its description.

photoactive repair

base excision repair

nucleotide excision repair

mismatch repair  

SOS system

nonhomologous end-joining