The allele b occurs with a frequency of 0.6 in a population of clams. Assuming that the population has reached Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the genotype Bb is

Why is Conservation Biology is different from most sciences in that it is goal-oriented, and what are the challenges this presents in terms of maintaining scientific objectivity and credibility? please explain in a paragraph

In Darwinian evolution, which do you think appeared first - the Host or the virus?
Explain your answer in depth.

In B cells, how many chances are there to make a productive heavy chain and how many chances are there to make a productive light chain? The options are 2 chances for light & 2 chances for heavy OR 2 chances for heavy & 4 chances for light. Please explain why

A student is given the task of determining the rate of an enzymatic reaction under defined conditions (i.e known substrate and enzyme concentrations; optimal temperature, pH, etc). Assume the student knows nothing about enzymes or how to perform this task. Since you just completed this task virtually, provide a detailed description of the directions you would give the student on how to determine the rate of the reaction? Give sufficient details so that the student with no knowledge of how to complete this task could be successful.

Describe & discuss two items/concepts about scientific methodology? What question(s) remain unclear about scientific methodology?

Propose a 20 amino acid sequence for an amphipathic beta-hairpin strand.

Vancomycin

a) The most common opportunistic infection(s) that result from taking the antibiotic

b) 1 example of resistance to this antibiotic in a clinical case

Complete the worksheet according to the following guidelines:

• In the space provided, write each term’s definition as used in ecology. You must define the term in your own words; do not simply copy the definition from a textbook. Provide APA-formatted citations for all paraphrased responses inserted into this worksheet. Every cited work must also have a corresponding reference entry on the References page at the end of this worksheet.

• In the space provided after each term’s definition, provide an explanation that illustrates the importance of the concept, method, relationship, or study to which the term refers. In your explanation, you may wish to consider the following:

• How has it influenced ecology?
• Why is it important to understand the appropriate application of the term or concept?
  

Save the completed worksheet as a Microsoft^® Word document with your name in the file name.

Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

Submitted by: [Type your name here.]

Question 10

Which of the following is not in common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic promoters?

A.

They have consensus sequences that proteins bind in order to help RNA polymerase assemble in a transcriptional complex.

B.

They bind proteins that assist RNA polymerase assembly into the transcriptional complex.

Question 12

In the process of intrinsic transcription termination, what RNA structural features are important to the process?

A.
The stem loop that forms because of complementarity between bases making up two inverted repeat sequences in the termination sequence.

B.
The C terminal domain of RNA pol II serves as a scaffold upon which the cleavage and polyadenylation complex resides, therefore enabling efficient transcription termination.

C.
A specific sequence of bases at the 3' end of an mRNA is able to catalyze its own excision, thereby terminating transcription.

D.
The rut sequence in the mRNA that forms a structure that binds Rho protein, which causes mRNA release and transcription termination.

2 points  

Question 13

Imagine that you do this experiment: you create a synthetic gene, based on what you know about the insulin gene in humans (that is, what you know about the nature of genes in humans, i.e. eukaryotes). You create a strain of E. coli in which this synthetic gene has been inserted into the bacterial chromosome. After checking for expression of your synthetic gene, you discover that no mRNA is produced. Which of the following is a possible explanation for this observation?

A.
The gene is lacking the Shine-Delgarno sequence, therefore RNA polymerase won't be able to assemble on the promoter with any of the sigma subunits.

B.
The synthetic gene has a eukaryotic promoter that will not be recognized by any of the E. coli sigma-70 subunits, thus RNA polymerase will not bind to the promoter.

C.
The synthetic gene has a prokaryotic promoter that is missing the TATA box or GC box, thus no sigma subunit can bind and recruit RNA polymerase.

D.
TFIID and the other general transcription factors are not able to recognize a prokaryotic promoter, therefore they cannot assemble on the promoter of the synthetic gene in a bacterial cell.

2 points  

Question 14

You are studying the expression of a gene in a certain type of eukaryotic cell. Under normal conditions, you measure that the gene is expressed at a certain value. You are able to experimentally alter a nucleotide pair at position -75 relative to the transcription start site. In the altered cells, you now measure a reduced rate of gene expression, 50% the value that you measured from normal cells. What is a reasonable interpretation or hypothesis to explain this observation?

A.
You likely altered a base located in a consensus sequence of the promoter, and the general transcription factors have a lower affinity for the mutated sequence, therefore transcription initiation complexes form at a reduced rate.

B.
The mutation most likely altered a consensus sequence for sigma subunit binding, therefore the appropriate sigma subunit is less likely to bind to the sequence in the promoter to recruit RNA polII.

C.
The mutation likely created an improved binding site for TFIID and the other general transcription factors, thus they are less likely to disassemble to form a new pre-initiation complex.

D.
You likely altered a base in a sequence that RNA polymerase II requires for binding, therefore it is less able to recruit general transcription factors to the promoter to assemble the pre-initiation complex.

1. Why are clades “supported” by one or more synapomorphy? We expect the synapomorphy to be present in all the members of the clade defined by the trait – but the character might be highly modified, or present only a brief developmental stage. [Sometimes the trait is lost altogether, a situation we call being “secondarily lost”]

4. Explain the statement “all clades are subsets of larger clades”. What is the largest clade?