1. 1. What is the difference between motile and sessile growth of microorganisms?
2. 2. Describe in detail the steps in formation and structure of biofilms.
   3. Provide one example of a biofilm in nature that is beneficial. Provide one example of a biofilm in clinical environments that is harmful.  
   4. Briefly explain how microorganisms communicate in a biofilm?   
   5. What is a quorum? What does a quorum do for a potential biological effect?
   6. How can quorum sensing increase the disease causing ability of bacteria?
   7. How could biofilm formation be inhibited or prevented from forming?  
   8. Why do biofilms provide an evolutionary advantage to microbes in the biofilm (HINT: what are the advantages of living in biofilm)

what procedure allows us to isolate and extract plasmid DNA and to avoid isolating the larger circular genomic-chromosomal DNA?

Why do many restriction enzymes require a 37 C temperature to be active and to hydrolyze DNA molecules while other restriction enzymes require 50 C temperature to be active and to hydrolyze DNA molecules?

what are some ways that micorooganisms are important to the environment?

Subject lab exercise microbiology ninteenth edition

Microbial Growth Control- Bacteriology

-Briefly describe factors affecting optimal growth temperatures

-Compare & contrast ways in which microbial cells are enumerated.

-Describe/define both LD and MIC

2)List the beneficial aspects of Microbes. What is the goal of the public health microbiologist when it comes to the microbes?

5. A kidney-bean shaped eye is produced by a recessive gene, k, on the third chromosome of Drosophila. Orange eye color, called cardinal, is produced by the recessive gene cd on the same chromosome. A third recessive gene on chromosome three, e, produces ebony body color. Trihybrid females are testcrossed to produce 4000 progeny, as follows: 1761 kidney, cardinal 1773 ebony 128 cardinal 97 kidney 89 ebony, cardinal 6 kidney, ebony, cardinal 8 wild type 138 kidney, ebony

a. Which gene is in the middle?

b. What is the distance between genes k and cd?

c. What is the distance between genes e and k?

d. What is the distance between genes cd and e?

1a) If you have three genes H, M, and T located on three different chromosomes and you performed the following cross:

HhMmTt x hhmmtt

How many phenotypic combinations would you see?

1b) If you have three genes H, M, and T located on three different chromosomes and you performed the following cross:

HhMmTt x hhmmtt

where H is Hairy and h is hairless; M is Mindful and m is mindless; and T is Tall and t is short.

If there were 800 offspring, how many of them would be expected to be hairless, Mindful, and Tall?

1c) Assume that three genes are linked on the X chromosome: A, B, and C.

If the parental cross was AABBCC x aabbcc, you would expect all of the F1 to be AaBbCc

If you cross these F1 progeny with a tester (aabbcc), what is a possible outcome of the percentage of the offspring will have one of the parental types assuming the genes are linked?

(You can pick any valid percentage you would like; remember percent is 0 to 100)

Describe the steps in the electron transport chain including enzymes and coenzymes involved (4 sentences total)

Then, briefly mention 2 other systems of energy production that may be used to fuel exercise and where in the cell they occur. (2 sentences total)

Using Miller’s hypothesis for adaptive evolution of thrashers (Toxostoma) from a mockingbird (Mimus) ancestor as representing the standard evolutionary genetic model of the modern synthesis, explain how each of the following hypothesized processes of evolutionary diversification differ: (1) West-Eberhard’s “alternative adaptations,” (2) West-Eberhard’s phenotypic and genetic accommodation, and (3) McKay and Zink’s “Sisyphean evolution.” Include in part 2 a discussion of how genetic accommodation resembles and differs from Waddington’s hypothesis of genetic assimilation.

A big advantage with the evolution of pollination was:

1. Asexual reproduction could happen
2. Sexual reproduction could happen in dry environment
3. Sexual reproduction could happen underwater
4. Sexual reproduction could happen in environments water

2. If you compared plant reproduction to that of animals, the cells in pollination would be equivalents to:

1. The ovary
2. Sperm
3. An unfertilized egg
4. A zygote

3. The group of Gymnosperms includes:

1. Brown Algae
2. Ferns
3. Flowering Plants
4. Evergreens and Conifers

4. The Angiosperms include:

1. Ferns
2. Christmas Tree
3. Some Unicellular Organisms
4. Plants with fruit

5. The biggest difference between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms:

1. Whether they have leaves or not
2. Whether they have flowers or not
3. Whether they have seeds or not
4. Whether they have circulatory structures or not

A single strand of DNA, 24 nucleotides long, with the sequence

5'-TTTCCCgggAAAgggTTTAAAggg-3'

is in a test tube. (Note that G's are shown in lowercase, so that your eye can better distinguish them from C's)

Other than the appropriate buffer solution, what else needs to go in the test tube to so that we end up with a piece of double stranded DNA, 24 base pairs long, with the above sequence comprising one of the two strands? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

The primer 5'-TTTCCCg-3'

The primer 5'-CCCTTTA-3'

deoxynucleotide triphosphates

deoxynucleotide monophosphates

The primer 5'-CgggAAA-3'

The primer 5'-CCTTTCC-3'

The primer 5'-TAAAggg-3'

DNA unwindase

DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

Which statements describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries?

-Lymphatic capillaries have a layer of smooth muscle in their walls.

-Collagen filaments anchor the endothelium to loose connective tissue.

-The endothelial cells are not tightly joined together.

-Lymphatic capillaries are part of a closed circuit.

Which of the cells are lymphoid cells (lymphocytes)?

-B cells

-antigens

-helper T cells

-hematopoietic stem cells

Which leukocyte can destroy microorganisms and remove cell debris?

-plasma cell

-dendritic cell

-macrophage

-T lymphocyte

Which is a function of lymph nodes?

-to filter out toxins, such as alcohol

-to store platelets

-to filter out old, damaged red blood cells

-to filter out foreign material and cell waste

What is the lymph‑related function of the appendix?

-secretes lipases that break down triglycerides

-connects the small intestine to the lymph nodes

-removes excess fluid from the small intestine

-protects the intestines from foreign antigens

The Calvin cycle “dark” reactions, which fix CO2, do not function in the dark, what are the likely reasons for this. How are these reactions regulated by light?

1. Describe the compound light microscope, what are the function of the stage clips. Specify what type of objects or organisms you would look at using each of these microscopes respectively.

2. Identify two structures that are unique to the plant cells and provide each of their functions. Describe what happens to a plant cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution and be sure to state the name of this process.

3. Name the four factors that affect enzyme activity. Explain how two factors promote enzyme activity and explain how two factors inhibit enzyme activity.

4. Compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Be sure to describe the similarities and major differences.

5. Explain what alleles are and describe the difference between an autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorder.