12. Researchers are attempting to understand whether the floral nectar consumption by a particular hummingbird species conforms to the expectations of optimal foraging theory. Describe two experiments that could be performed to assess this.

One will be an observational experiment, where foraging is observed in the wild, throughout the year, without manipulation. Assume that cold temperature is the key environmental constraint that limits the birds’ abilities to be choosy (i.e. hint, look at the salmon experiment from our lecture). Also assume these birds choose among 3 different types of flowers/nectar that are available throughout their active season: A, B, and C. A has the highest amino acid content and C has the lowest. All have equal amounts of energy. A is the hardest to find, followed by B, and then C.

The other will be a manipulative experiment in which the search time is varied. In this one you create an arena with 2 types of artificial flower, each with different qualities of nectar (i.e. different amino acid content). The flowers differ in colors that the birds can distinguish, but are otherwise identical (i.e. the handling time is kept the same). You have to set things up so that the cost-to-benefit ratio of looking for the higher nutrition flower is changed across 2 treatments. Hint: think along the lines of the conveyor belt experiment.

Be sure to explicitly state your dependent and independent variables and to describe the results expected if the birds do indeed conform to the expectations of optimal foraging theory

For each of the following Case Studies, select which carbohydrate source you feel is best. Then, explain WHY you chose your answer. (these are TWO part questions, make sure you answer both!)

1. An athlete DURING exercise – should they be ingesting monosaccharide’s, disaccharides, or polysaccharides?
2. Should a diabetic’s daily diet include mostly: LOW or HIGH glycemic index foods? (their regular diet, not during an emergency or in diabetic shock [hypoglycemia])?
3. Someone with pancreatic cancer who is suffering from extreme GI distress. Should this person be ingesting veggies that are high in insoluble fiber? Yes or no?
4. It is 2 days before surgery. What types of carbohydrates should this person be ingesting to give their bodies the most fuel to help them recover: monosaccharide’s, disaccharides, or polysaccharides?

Even organisms whose embryos are conditionally specified must have at least one autonomous specification event. Why?

How might RBC production be altered to compensate for changes to hemoglobin that result in an abnormally high affinity for O2?

Six people had submitted urine samples to the laboratory. The samples were given at the same time, and the amount of urine was equal in all samples. Your task is to help with the information

below about the different test subjects, analyze what each person's urine sample should show. Background information:

1. One person was completely healthy

2. A person suffered from untreated diabetes

3. One person worked in a factory with hot and dry air

4. One person produced too little antidiuretic hormone

5. A person suffered from a hereditary defect on the nephron's basement membrane (it is too sparse)

6. A person has urinary tract infection

Please read about the function of the kidneys and its parts and how the function is regulated. Describe how much urine the people in question would have, and how one might test its properties. It can be good to also search on the internet.

You must explain in detail and in a nuanced manner the meaning of concepts and models that relate to the kidney structure and function linked to the scenarios set in the question, also highlight specific methods for testing urine properties in all situations and explain why you can use these tests in conjunction with these scenarios. The report should also have a clear structure with a red thread, and that is easy to follow in the text. You use different types of sources and make well-founded and nuanced assessments of the credibility and relevance of the information and sources.

How has our cultural behaviour affected how we evolved from archaic hominins to modern humans?

What did our ancestors achieve that they would not have otherwise were it not for our
cultural adaptations?

Describe how transfer RNAs (tRNAs) fulfill their role in protein synthesis. Give an example.

At the end of the electron transport chain, all of the following statements are correct, EXCEPT:

Select one:

a. produce most of the ATP needed for life

b. The oxygen taken in during respiration is used to produce carbon dioxide during the Kreb cycle.

c. oxidize glucose metabolites to produce carbon dioxide, water and ATP

d. the electrons combine with oxygen and protons to form water

1. Write ten exam questions in your own words and provide good answers for the questions.  
2. Five of your questions should cover terms from the material on The Digestive System, and five of your questions should cover terms from the material on The Urinary System.
3. No more than two of your questions can be true/false style questions.
4. No more than four of your questions can be multiple choice style questions.
5. At least two of your questions must involve providing at least one full sentence to answer the question.

Describe the role of the bifunctional enzyme in the reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

1. Antibiotics are more effective when the bacteria causing an infection are actively growing. Why do you think this is? During which phase of growth( lag,log,stationary,or death) do you think antibiotics are most effective?

Bower birds are unique to Australia. These ground dwelling birds build elaborate grass nests and decorate them with brightly colored objects (often bits of trash and plastic) to attract a female. The birds use all sorts of colorful items and arrange their displays to try to be most appealing to the female (either using all one color of item or creating a rainbow jumble of plastic trash!) and arrange them artfully to attract females. The females choose their mates based on the brightness and elaborateness of the male’s nest displays. Why might these birds have evolved into such fantastic animal architects?

1. The heritability of an animal’s preference for different habitats or host plants might be high or low. How might heritability affect the likelihood of sympatric speciation by divergence in habitat or host preference?