Write 3 paragraphs for reflection and should be do the following:

1. In first paragraph, Summarize the article (attached below). (Don't plagiarism from article. Please use your own words to summarize)
2. In second paragraph, Connect the article with one of those
"Archaeological methods" or "Early farming and the rise of cities" or "Archaeological record – the material artifacts and environmental evidence". Be specific about the connections you make.
3. In third paragraph, Include your own reflection on what you’ve read/learned. What do you think about it?

Article Here: "First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago"
Until now, researchers believed farming was "invented" some 12,000 years ago in the Cradle of Civilization -- Iraq, the Levant, parts of Turkey and Iran -- an area that was home to some of the earliest known human civilizations. A new discovery by an international collaboration of researchers from Tel Aviv University, Harvard University, Bar-Ilan University, and the University of Haifa offers the first evidence that trial plant cultivation began far earlier -- some 23,000 years ago. The study focuses on the discovery of the first weed species at the site of a sedentary human camp on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. It was published in PLOS ONE and led by Prof. Ehud Weiss of Bar-Ilan University in collaboration with Prof. Marcelo Sternberg of the Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants at TAU's Faculty of Life Sciences and Prof. Ofer Bar-Yosef of Harvard University, among other colleagues. "While full-scale agriculture did not develop until much later, our study shows that trial cultivation began far earlier than previously believed, and gives us reason to rethink our ancestors' capabilities," said Prof. Sternberg. "Those early ancestors were more clever and more skilled than we knew."

Evidence among the weeds

Although weeds are considered a threat or nuisance in farming, their presence at the site of the Ohalo II people's camp revealed the earliest signs of trial plant cultivation -- some 11 millennia earlier than conventional ideas about the onset of agriculture. The plant material was found at the site of the Ohalo II people, who were fisher hunter-gatherers and established a sedentary human camp. The site was unusually well preserved, having been charred, covered by lake sediment, and sealed in low-oxygen conditions -- ideal for the preservation of plant material. The researchers examined the weed species for morphological signs of domestic-type cereals and harvesting tools, although their very presence is evidence itself of early farming. "This uniquely preserved site is one of the best archaeological examples worldwide of the hunter-gatherers' way of life," said Prof. Sternberg. "It was possible to recover an extensive amount of information on the site and its inhabitants". "Because weeds thrive in cultivated fields and disturbed soils, a significant presence of weeds in archaeobotanical assemblages retrieved from Neolithic sites and settlements of later age is widely considered an indicator of systematic cultivation," according to the study.

Early gatherers

The site bears the remains of six shelters and a particularly rich assemblage of plants. Upon retrieving and examining approximately 150,000 plant specimens, the researchers determined that early humans there had gathered over 140 species of plants. These included 13 known weeds mixed with edible cereals, such as wild emmer, wild barley, and wild oats. The researchers found a grinding slab -- a stone tool with which cereal starch granules were extracted -- as well as a distribution of seeds around this tool, reflecting that the cereal grains were processed for consumption. The large number of cereals showing specific kinds of scars on their seeds indicate the likelihood of those cereals growing in fields, and the presence of sickle blades indicates that these humans deliberately planned the harvest of cereal. The new study offers evidence that early humans clearly functioned with a basic knowledge of agriculture and, perhaps more importantly, exhibited foresight and extensive agricultural planning far earlier than previously believed.

List and describe the three forms of DNA.

Please can you type the answer. I don't understand the writing hand. Sometime.

Thanks

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug enalaprilat is used to treat hypertension and has poor oral bioavailability as well as a short half-life. What functional groups and properties of the drug may be responsible for these drawbacks and what can be done to modify the structure to improve both oral bioavailability and half-life?

22. Identify two scientists who influenced Charles Darwin’s thinking. What did each person hypothesize? Were their hypotheses correct? Why or why not

Scenario: The butterflies Heliconius melpomene and H. erato each show extraordinary geographical variation in coloration, and their colors vary in parallel.

Both species gain a fitness advantage by resembling the other because birds are more likely to associate their coloration with distastefulness and so avoid attacking them.

In field experiments, butterflies were marked and released with two color patterns: the local pattern and a pattern from one of the neighboring races.

Butterflies with the local pattern survive more than twice as well as those with the “wrong” color pattern.

What does this experiment suggest about the type of selection is occurring in these butterflies?

SUMMARY OF DNA-RELATED CHANGES DURING MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

(fill in the blanks with the correct number)

-------------------------------------------------Meiosis I ---------Meiosis II -------------------------- ----- Mitosis

chromatids/chromosome:      ____    -->    _____       --> _____ ........................ _____     --> _____

# chromosome sets:               ____n     --> _____n    -->   ____n................... .... _____n   -->  ____n

(1n = haploid)

change in cell #                        _____ --> _____    --> _____ ............................... _____     --> _____

In pea plants, purple flower color is dominant over white. If one sees a purple pea plant and has no prior knowledge of its ancestry, what can be said its genotype?

A. It is pp

B. It is Pp

C. It is PP

D. It is either PP or Pp

In impactor method, why not conduct outdoor air sampling on rainy or snowy weather

List three different types of retrovirus-encoded oncogenes that are represented by proto-oncogenes in normal cells. Briefly describe the general function of the viral oncogene or its corresponding proto-oncogene.

1. Draw and describe the meiotic events during oogenesis, which may lead to trisomy 18.

How did comparisons of different rRNA sequences lead to the discovery of Archaea? Why did Woese use rRNA genes to construct molecular phylogenies? Which groups are most similar (bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes) with respect to the following structures or processes: cellular membrane biochemistry, DNA replication, RNA transcription, mechanism of protein translation, initiation of protein translation. Explain the argument that the most fundamental divide in the Tree of Life is between Bacteria and Archaea. Why is membrane composition cited as the basis of the ‘eukaryote paradox’? Know the arguments for discontinuing use of the term “prokaryote” and be able to explain why you think (or don’t think) that prokaryote is a useful and/or accurate term. How do Lateral Gene Transfers (LGT), aka horizontal gene transfer, confound reconstruction of phylogenetic trees? Name three processes of bacteria and archaea that result in LGT. How can we overcome this difficulty in understanding the (vertical) evolutionary history of microbes? What kinds of genes seem resistant to LGT? Explain the statement “we are embedded in a microbial world” – be sure to include the production of oxygen on Earth in your answer. Remember that thermodynamics tells us that energy flows out of all systems, but matter cycles. Much of the nutrient (matter) cycling that we all depend on requires microbial activity. Name the nutrient cycles that we described in lecture that require microbial activity. When did the plant- nitrogen-fixing-bacterial symbiosis emerge in earth’s history? Chlorophylls are an innovation of which group of organisms? Why is nitrogen limiting in most ecosystems?

let's imagine a diploid plant cell.

a) draw the five stages of mitosis and meiosis assuming N=3

b) briefly explain each step of mitosis and meiosis.

Chapter 1(microbiology)

5. What was the contribution of each of the following scientists: Jenner, Lister, Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Ehrlich, and Fleming.

6. What is spontaneous generation?

7. What was Pasteur’s approach to disproving spontaneous generation? What other discoveries did he make?

8. What are Koch’s postulates? What are the key features of these postulates? Be able to apply these ideas to a real life scenario. Explain when someone would need to follow the steps of Koch’s postulates?

9. Identify type of study performed by etiology, epidemiology, virology, mycology, parasitology, bacteriology.

CHEM 4722/5722 Homework Set #3 (due beginning of class Thu Apr 2)

Homework is to be turned in prior to class and should be done on plain white printer paper. If not, it will be returned for resubmission with a penalty assessed. Word processing should be used for any narrative answers. Calculations and mechanisms can be done freehand but must be very neat, organized, legible and on plain white paper. No lined paper will be accepted.

1. An example of a unsaturated fatty acid is cis-11-heptadecenoic acid. If this compound is oxidized down to CO2 and water via β-oxidation and subsequent pathways, how many ATP equivalents can be obtained? Show all work and list where all of the ATPs come from.

2. Draw out both steps of the malic enzyme mechanism for the conversion of malate to pyruvate. Include nicotinamide moieties, acid/base catalysis, and electron movement.

3. Write a balanced stoichiometric equation for the synthesis of squalene from acetyl-CoA. Indicate the reactions you used to determine your answer and show all work.

4. Refer to your lecture notes or your book for the synthesis of sphingomyelin. Write out the mechanisms (reactant, product structures and electron movement) for each synthetic step to the final product.

5. Mice were divided into four groups, two of which were fed a normal diet and two of which were fed a cholesterol-rich diet. HMG-CoA reductase mRNA and protein levels from liver were measured.

   1. a) What is the effect of cholesterol feeding on HMG-CoA reductase mRNA?

   2. b) What is the effect of cholesterol feeding on HMG-CoA reductase protein?

   3. c) Why is the result in panel B surprising in light of the result in panel A?

   4. d) Suggest possible explanations for the result in panel B.