Question

Create a well-organized information table covering the components and functions of human blood.

Create a second well-organized information table comparing and contrasting two types of diseases that affect the blood including causes, symptoms, treatment, and social impact on the individual, family, and community. (Anemia and Hemophilia)

Answer 1

• Difference between Anemia and Hemophilia

ANEMIA	HEMOPHILIA
A state in which haemoglobin in blood is below the reference range.	An inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot due to insufficient clotting factors.
Symptoms of anaemia vary depending on the cause of anaemia. It may include: Fatigue Malaise Generalised weakness Pale skin Cold hands and feet Dizziness Reduced immunity Shortness of breath	Symptoms include: Blood in urine or stool Joint pain and swelling Unexplained, excessive or easy bleeding Large and deep bruises Frequent nosebleeds Bleeding gums Irritability (especially in children)
Anaemia is treated based on the cause. Medication Anti-anaemia drugs: Used in mild cases of anaemia like iron deficiency anaemia and vitamin deficiency anaemia. Carbonyl iron · Cyanocobalamin · Folic acid Self care Eat foods that are rich sources of iron. Limit the consumption of tea/coffee immediately after food. It contains tannins- substances that can inhibit iron absorption. Medical procedures: Blood transfusion · Stem cell transplantation · Splenectomy	Medication Antifibrinolytics: Used to prevent clots from breaking down. Aminocaproic acid . Tranexamic acid Fibrin sealant: Used to promote clotting. Aprotinin Hormone therapy: Carried out by slowly injecting the hormone into a vein to stimulate release of more clotting factors for mild haemophilia A. Desmopressin Therapy Blood transfusion: Transfusion of clotting factor by infusing recombinant clotting factor. Transfusion of plasma are given to patient to stop bleeding. Physical therapy: Can relieve symptoms, if the joints are damaged due to internal bleeding. Self-care Exercise regularly, avoid certain pain medications and blood thinning medications. Practise dental hygiene. Nutrition Foods to eat: Vitamin and mineral containing foods such as fruits and vegetables Calcium containing foods such as iceberg lettuce, oranges and almonds Protein containing foods such as dried beans nut and seeds Foods to avoid: Avoid supplements that might adversely affect bleeding and clotting times such as: ginseng, gingko biloba, bromelain, flaxseed, garlic, ginger, bilberry fruit
Anaemia results from reduced red blood cells. It is caused due to various reasons like: Reduced production of red blood cells as in iron deficiency anaemia or megaloblastic anaemia Excess blood loss: Blood loss can be due to external bleeding like in road traffic accidents or internal bleeding as in hookworm infection, excess bleeding during periods, long term use of drugs like aspirin or pain killers, etc Destruction of the red blood cells: Haemolytic anaemia Autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis	Causes Haemophilia is an inherited genetic condition, caused by a defect in the gene that determines how the body makes factors VIII, IX or XI These genes are located on the X chromosome, making haemophilia a X-linked recessive disease Haemophilia is caused by deficiency of clotting factors VII, IX or XI
Psychological Problems Having a chronic illness can often cause psychological issues, especially in children. Some of these include: emotional problems behavior problems less athleticism, partially due to medical problems difficulty with academics Impact on the Family Many times it is forgotten that the family of a child with a chronic sickness is also affected by the disease. In the case of sickle cell anemia, many issues and struggles can occur for the loved ones of a child with this genetic disorder. Some of these include: increased stress having to manage pain episodes, which are unpredictable teaching their child how to deal with sickle cell disease ensuring that the child has the proper diet	Both the patient and the family face many challenges with inhibitors. The ongoing financial and emotional struggles associated with hemophilia are intensified for patients with inhibitors and their families. Living at a distance from expert care may also impact personal and familial issues. Many families find themselves living in areas where therapy options require travel or are not available at all. As inhibitor development often occurs in children, the development of inhibitors often has a psychosocial impact. Adolescence is marked by independence and risk-taking activities, which often creates a dynamic that can be a challenge regarding medical compliance with prescribed therapy. Support from physicians and other professionals are essential.