VENTILATION/RESPIRATION: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

1) Using Fick's law, explain why it is harder to breathe at the top of Mount Everest.

2) Using Fick's law, justify why the body surface of a Turbellaria makes a good respiratory surface for the worm.

3) Recall the gills seen in your crayfish, squid, and clam dissections. Was that tissue usually described as "feathery" or were they "dense" structures? From what you know of Fick's law, why does the characterization you use make sense?

4) What organisms have spiracles and why are they important for that organism?

5) How is air moved through tracheae in insects?

6) Order the airway passages and/or structures that air goes through starting from the nose to the blood stream in humans. (You should have at least five passages)

B) what is the main differences between those passage ways?

7) Provide at least two ways the anatomy of the lung helps to maximize Fick's law.

8) Describe how the diaphragm and muscles around the rib cage promote negative pressure breathing.

B) What type of animals use positive-pressure breathing and why might this be okay?

9) Describe at least two ways ventilation in birds is different from ventilation in humans.

You wish to develop an antitoxin therapeutic. Your plan is to create a molecule which will inactivate the ability of the toxin to penetrate the cell membrane, thus preventing the toxic effects. You decide to base the therapeutic on an aptamer design.

1. What is an aptamer (5 pts)
2. How would an aptamer function to protect the cell from the toxin (5 pts)

Eukaryotic cells require the concerted efforts of various transcription factors to carry out transcription.

True

False

1. Consider a glucose molecule that was taken up by aerobic eukaryote, anaerobic prokaryote and facultative anaerobe prokaryote cell- wheat will be the fate of this molecule? How will each of these cells metabolize it and how much energy will each get? Emphasize on what are the most important charcteristics of glycolysis, Kreb's cycle and ETC- what is starting substrate, what is product and where does it take place. 2.Give your OWN EXAMPLES of different types of enzymes and then explain these to describe their activity. microbiology I need reference page where you got the answer from. thanks

Which of the following are typically used to determine differences in DNA sequence between individuals? Select all that apply.

a) cloning

b) DNA fingerprinting of STRs

c) DNA sequencing

d) RFLP analysis

e) gel-filtration chromatograpgy

f) western blot

1. Give an example that you have observed of surface tension in your own life.

2. Define cohesion in your own words. Give an example.

3. Define adhesion in your own words. Give an example.

4. How does water get to the leaves in the tops of the tallest trees against the force of gravity? Name the property responsible for this and explain how it works.

QUESTION 6

1. These correct “overwinding” ahead of the replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.

   		Helicases
   		Single-strand binding proteins
   		Topoisomerase
   		Telomerase

4 points   

QUESTION 7

1. An organism that is heterozygous for two traits with the genotype AaBb can form sperm with all of the following genotypes except:

   		Aa
   		AB
   		aB
   		ab

4 points   

QUESTION 8

1. Which of the following prevents shortening of eukaryotic chromosomal ends?

   		Helicases
   		Telomerase
   		Topoisomerase
   		Beta-clamps

4 points   

QUESTION 9

1. These are enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks of replicating DNA.

   		Helicases
   		Stingle-strand binding proteins
   		Topoisomerase
   		Telomerase

4 points   

QUESTION 10

1. Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?

   		in the nucleus
   		in the cytoplasm
   		at the golgi apparatus
   		at the plasma membrane

Look at the major divisions of the brain and the developing neural tube. Do you see a pattern in the position of each tube and the functions of the major brain divisions?

Using the sequence of the BPSL1549 protein – carry out an NCBI BLAST search using an appropriate BLAST program for the type of input sequence and restrict your search to the non redundant protein sequences (nr) database.What does the list of significant alignments tell you? Select all that apply. *

• Most of the hits appears to belong mainly in the genus Burkholderia.
• There appears to be a B. mallei homolog that has an acceptable E value but only has a query coverage of 18%.
• There is one significant homolog of the protein from Skemanella stibiiresistens.
• The protein could in theory be used as a drug against cancer cells although it hasn't been proven.
• The protein is possibly a toxin.

We’ve seen in this lab exercise that proteins can be involved in more than one biological process or KEGG pathway. Based on what you’ve learned in Cell Biology Lecture or Lab, describe a protein that has a role in multiple processes or pathways. Include in your answer the name of the protein and in which pathway or process it is involved.

1.The following data were obtained in a study of an enzyme known to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics:

2/27/ 20

V0 (mol/min)

   217
   325
   433
   488
   647

Substrate added (mmol/L)

0.8 2 4 6 1,000

The Km for
A) 1 mM., B) 1000mM, C) 2mM, D ) 4mM, E) 6mM

this enzyme is approximately:

2. To

1. A) the enzyme concentration.

2. B) the initial velocity of the catalyzed reaction at [S] >> Km.

3. C) the initial velocity of the catalyzed reaction at low [S].

4. D) the Km for the substrate.

5. E) both the enzyme concentration and the initial velocity of the catalyzed reaction at

   [S] >> Km.

3. An enzyme that can convert glucose into fructose is a member of which class of enzymes?

A) Oxidoreductases, B)Transferase, C) Hydrolases, D) Lyases, E) Isomerases

4. Which amino acid is NOT capable using its side chain (R group) to participate in general acid-base catalysis?
A) Asp, B) His, C) Ser, D) Val, E) Lys

calculate the turnover number of an enzyme, you need to know:

5. Treatment of methanol poisoning by using ethanol is an example of what type of enzyme inhibition?
A) mixed inhibition, B) uncompetitive inhibition

C) noncompetitive inhibition D) Competitive inhibition, E) Suicide Inhibition

6. What functional groups are present on this molecule?

A) ether and aldehyde, B) Hydroxyl and Aldehyde, C) Hydroxyl and Carboxylic acid, D) hydroxyl and Ester , E) hydroxyl and ketone

7. Which statement about intrinsically disordered proteins is TRUE?

A) B) C)

D) E)

They contain small hydrophobic cores.
They represent misfolded conformations of cellular proteins.
They have no stable three-dimensional structure and therefore have no cellular function.
They are responsible for proteostasis.
They can interact with multiple protein-binding partners and are central to protein interaction networks.

8.
protein aggregate?

Which disease is NOT one characterized by or associated with an unfolded

A) Alzheimer disease, B) Diabetes, C) Parkinson Disuease
D) Scurvy, E) All of these diseases are linked to unfolded protein aggregates

9. Which amino acid when repeated six to ten times at the N- or C-terminal ends of a protein allows that protein to bind to Ni2+ ions?

a.Glu, b. His, c. Ala, d. Tyr, e. Asp

10. The biochemical activity of a protein, such as its enzymatic activity, is called its _____ function.

a. phenotypic , b. genotypic, c. cellular, d. molecular, e. organismal

Sulfanilamide that resembles substrate of an enzyme inhibits the enzyme when added to the reaction mix. What type of inhibition is this

A) allosteric inhibition

B) competitive inhibition

C) excitatory allosteric control

D) noncompetitive inhibition

E) feedback inhibition