A mouse model for multiple sclerosis is induced by immunizing mice with murine central nervous system proteins mixed with Complete Freund’s adjuvant. This adjuvant contains components that stimulate both TLR2 and TLR4. The adjuvant is essential to the development of autoimmunity because:

a. It activates dendritic cells to up-regulate co-stimulatory molecules.

b. It prevents the differentiation of CD4 T_H2 effector cells.

c. It induces copious amounts of type I interferons.

d. It prevents the production of TGF-b by astrocytes in the central nervous system.

e. It promotes tissue damage that mimics a central nervous system viral infection.

1. You have a mixture of three proteins X, Y, and Z.

       X is positively charged, has a mass of 100 kDa, it binds sugars.

       Y is positively charged, has a mass of 200 kDa, it does not bind sugars.

       Z is negatively charged, has a mass of 100 kDa, it does not bind sugars.

What will be the most efficient method to purify protein X from the mixture of X, Y, and Z?

A. washing

B. drying

C. ion-exchange chromatography

D. gel filtration chromatography

E. affinity chromatography

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2. What is the function of molecular chaperones?

A. They increase the rate of correct protein folding and prevent the formation of incorrectly folded intermediates

B. They transport ions across biological membranes

C. They catalyze chemical reactions in cells

D. They denature other proteins

E. They heat shock other proteins

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3. Arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains into a multi-subunit protein is referred to as:

A. Quaternary structure

B. Conformation

C. Tertiary structure

D. Primary structure

E. Secondary structure

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4. Research scientists are trying to clone a gene. In order to accomplish this task they join two pieces of DNA. Which class of the enzymes below might accomplish this task?

A. ligases

B. lyases

C. hydrolases

D. oxidoreductases

E. isomerases

For the following: 1) Identify the genotypes of the parents 2) Complete a Punnett Square & 3) Give the genotypic AND phenotypic results of the cross (percentage OR ratio)

Problem:

In humans, blood type is controlled by multiple alleles – A, B & O.

Show the cross between a male with Type O blood and a woman with Type AB blood.

What blood types will NOT show up in their offspring?

(Please write or type response, do not use cursive writing due to visual impairment)

Thank you.

Write 3 paragraphs for reflection and should be do the following:

1. In first paragraph, Summarize the article (attached below). (Don't plagiarism from article. Please use your own words to summarize)
2. In second paragraph, Connect the article with one of those
"Archaeological methods" or "Early farming and the rise of cities" or "Archaeological record – the material artifacts and environmental evidence". Be specific about the connections you make.
3. In third paragraph, Include your own reflection on what you’ve read/learned. What do you think about it?

Article Here: "First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago"
Until now, researchers believed farming was "invented" some 12,000 years ago in the Cradle of Civilization -- Iraq, the Levant, parts of Turkey and Iran -- an area that was home to some of the earliest known human civilizations. A new discovery by an international collaboration of researchers from Tel Aviv University, Harvard University, Bar-Ilan University, and the University of Haifa offers the first evidence that trial plant cultivation began far earlier -- some 23,000 years ago. The study focuses on the discovery of the first weed species at the site of a sedentary human camp on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. It was published in PLOS ONE and led by Prof. Ehud Weiss of Bar-Ilan University in collaboration with Prof. Marcelo Sternberg of the Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants at TAU's Faculty of Life Sciences and Prof. Ofer Bar-Yosef of Harvard University, among other colleagues. "While full-scale agriculture did not develop until much later, our study shows that trial cultivation began far earlier than previously believed, and gives us reason to rethink our ancestors' capabilities," said Prof. Sternberg. "Those early ancestors were more clever and more skilled than we knew."

Evidence among the weeds

Although weeds are considered a threat or nuisance in farming, their presence at the site of the Ohalo II people's camp revealed the earliest signs of trial plant cultivation -- some 11 millennia earlier than conventional ideas about the onset of agriculture. The plant material was found at the site of the Ohalo II people, who were fisher hunter-gatherers and established a sedentary human camp. The site was unusually well preserved, having been charred, covered by lake sediment, and sealed in low-oxygen conditions -- ideal for the preservation of plant material. The researchers examined the weed species for morphological signs of domestic-type cereals and harvesting tools, although their very presence is evidence itself of early farming. "This uniquely preserved site is one of the best archaeological examples worldwide of the hunter-gatherers' way of life," said Prof. Sternberg. "It was possible to recover an extensive amount of information on the site and its inhabitants". "Because weeds thrive in cultivated fields and disturbed soils, a significant presence of weeds in archaeobotanical assemblages retrieved from Neolithic sites and settlements of later age is widely considered an indicator of systematic cultivation," according to the study.

Early gatherers

The site bears the remains of six shelters and a particularly rich assemblage of plants. Upon retrieving and examining approximately 150,000 plant specimens, the researchers determined that early humans there had gathered over 140 species of plants. These included 13 known weeds mixed with edible cereals, such as wild emmer, wild barley, and wild oats. The researchers found a grinding slab -- a stone tool with which cereal starch granules were extracted -- as well as a distribution of seeds around this tool, reflecting that the cereal grains were processed for consumption. The large number of cereals showing specific kinds of scars on their seeds indicate the likelihood of those cereals growing in fields, and the presence of sickle blades indicates that these humans deliberately planned the harvest of cereal. The new study offers evidence that early humans clearly functioned with a basic knowledge of agriculture and, perhaps more importantly, exhibited foresight and extensive agricultural planning far earlier than previously believed.

List and describe the three forms of DNA.

Please can you type the answer. I don't understand the writing hand. Sometime.

Thanks

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug enalaprilat is used to treat hypertension and has poor oral bioavailability as well as a short half-life. What functional groups and properties of the drug may be responsible for these drawbacks and what can be done to modify the structure to improve both oral bioavailability and half-life?

22. Identify two scientists who influenced Charles Darwin’s thinking. What did each person hypothesize? Were their hypotheses correct? Why or why not

Scenario: The butterflies Heliconius melpomene and H. erato each show extraordinary geographical variation in coloration, and their colors vary in parallel.

Both species gain a fitness advantage by resembling the other because birds are more likely to associate their coloration with distastefulness and so avoid attacking them.

In field experiments, butterflies were marked and released with two color patterns: the local pattern and a pattern from one of the neighboring races.

Butterflies with the local pattern survive more than twice as well as those with the “wrong” color pattern.

What does this experiment suggest about the type of selection is occurring in these butterflies?

SUMMARY OF DNA-RELATED CHANGES DURING MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

(fill in the blanks with the correct number)

-------------------------------------------------Meiosis I ---------Meiosis II -------------------------- ----- Mitosis

chromatids/chromosome:      ____    -->    _____       --> _____ ........................ _____     --> _____

# chromosome sets:               ____n     --> _____n    -->   ____n................... .... _____n   -->  ____n

(1n = haploid)

change in cell #                        _____ --> _____    --> _____ ............................... _____     --> _____

In pea plants, purple flower color is dominant over white. If one sees a purple pea plant and has no prior knowledge of its ancestry, what can be said its genotype?

A. It is pp

B. It is Pp

C. It is PP

D. It is either PP or Pp

In impactor method, why not conduct outdoor air sampling on rainy or snowy weather

List three different types of retrovirus-encoded oncogenes that are represented by proto-oncogenes in normal cells. Briefly describe the general function of the viral oncogene or its corresponding proto-oncogene.

1. Draw and describe the meiotic events during oogenesis, which may lead to trisomy 18.