1. How many neutrons are there in oxygen? In hydrogen? In nitrogen?

2. Distinguish between atoms and molecules and among protons, neutrons, and electrons.

3. Compare and contrast covalent bonds and ionic bonds.

4. Explain how polar covalent bonds allow hydrogen bonds to form, and provide an example.

7. Define pH scale, acid, base, and buffer. How do buffers reduce changes in pH when hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions are added to a solution? Why is this phenomenon important in organisms?

What is the difference between cultivation-independent and cultivation-dependent methods in microbial ecology?

What are 3 reasons that enzyme progress curves plateau?

how did the age of science influence beliefs about the body?

compare and contrast the following items:
a. dominant and recessive
b. genotype and phenotype
c. homozygous and heterozygous
d. monohybrid cross and test cross
e. dihybrid cross and trihybrid cross

there is no more. just have to compare a) to eachother, b) to eachother and so forth

Transcriptional regulation is important for organisms to respond to their environment. Some of the features of regulation act in cis and some act in trans. Please describe what is meant by each of these terms and then give an example of each from prokaryotes and give an example of each from eukaryotes.

Discuss race in regards to biological taxonomy. How does race depict humans as a polytypic species? What are the issues with taxonomic race in reference to humans? minimum paragraph

Expression of which protein is increased in mitochondria of brown adipocytes that uncouples ATP synthesis and H+ ions transfer during cold exposure?

Question 3 options:

A plant breeding class scored the seed color and leaf morphology phenotypes of a dry pea population. Seed color was scored based on its genotype (yellow vs. green vs. mixed) and leaf morphology by its phenotype (normal vs. tendrilled). Both traits are controlled by a single gene with complete dominance. The data they collected for leaf morphology were: 76 normal: 18 tendrilled and for seed color: 18 yellow: 24 green: 52 mixed. Combined phenotypes for these traits were 3 yellow, normal; 49 mixed, normal; 24 green, normal; 15 yellow, tendrilled; 3 mixed tendrilled; 0 green, tendrilled. Use a Chi square analysis to, first, determine if each gene separately fits the expected ratios and, secondly, us e the Chi square analysis to determine if the combined phenotypes fit the expected ratio assuming independent assortment. If you reject the hypothesis that the genes assort independently, explain why.

What is the effect on the O2 affinity of hemoglobin? An increase in CO from 1.0 parts per million(ppm) in a normal indoor atmosphere to 30 ppm in a home that has a malfunctioning or leaking furnace.

With this one I am unsure. Is this answer increase in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin because carbon monoxide bound to one site in hemoglobin will shift the oxygen saturation curve of the remaining sites to the left, resulting in an increased affinity for oxygen, or would it be a decrease in oxygen affinity for hemoglobin because carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin tighter to hemoglobin than oxygen?

Question (4) Which of the following methods can be used to isolate primary cell lines from tissues?

1. Mechanical disaggregation
2. Enzymatic digestion
3. Explant culture
4. Hydrolysis with acid
5. Solublise using SDS

1. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXA doctor from Cairo, Egypt is perplexed by two twin infants that he is treating for deficiencies in energy production.   He has many theories on what could be the issue, but he wants you to help. He presented their case to your lab. You sequence these infants DNA and try to uncover what metabolic problem they may have that is causing this energy-deficient illness they have.

1. (10 points) You characterize the enzymes for glycolysis, PDH, and TCA cycle and everything seems fine, except for one thing: you discover that these infants have a very strange pathway never discovered before. This pathway takes oxaloacetate from the body and branches it into a pathway that breaks it in down into seemingly non-biologically relevant intermediates. Why could this explain the energy deficiency the Egyptian doctor discovered? (50 words max).

ANSWER:

2. (10 points) You discover that the enzyme that controls this weird oxaloacetate pathway is very similar to Pyruvate Dehydrogenase. Additionally, this pathway can be regulated by reversible covalent modification very similar to that of PDH. These infants have a problem with this regulation, but if this regulation was normal, how could you regulate this weird pathway to solve their problem? Make sure you address ALL possible ways you can regulate, with the knowledge that this is very similar to PDH. (50 words max)

ANSWER:

3. (8 points) You also discover another problem in the infants: a key enzyme responsible for the production of Coenzyme Q (i.e. Ubiquinone) is hugely mutated to work very, very slowly.   This causes very low levels of Coenzyme Q in the infants. Why could this also explain their energy-production problem? (40 words max).

ANSWER:

4. (8 points) You email the doctor and he asks if it is possible to just add Coenzyme Q in the diet if the infant twins. Why may this work, in theory, but why might this be a problem to actually do in the body? Consider the structure of Coenzyme Q and where it is located in the mitochondria? (30 words max).

ANSWER:

What is Motor Proteins, Example? What is each representative protein within this class. What structural features of this protein allow it to function in this capacity?