1. What increases the chance of a patient acquiring a Clostridium difficile infection?

2. What is a common first-line and second-line drug used to treat C. difficile?

3. Extra Bonus Point - What does the stool of a C. difficile patient smell like? (I am not kidding, this is a real question)

The fluctuation test performed by Luria and Delbruck is consistent with the random mutation hypothesis.

Complete a brief outline of their experiment.

Rank the steps of the experiment from the first to the last.

1. they split the culture into smaller cultures.

2. they took a large culture of a bacterial strain susceptible to infection by a bacteriophage.

3. they determined how many colonies grew on each plate.

4. they plated samples containing equal numbers of bacteria from the cultures on petri plates containing the bacteriophage.

5. they allowed the cultures to double for multiple generations.

1. Draw a detailed Eukaryotic cell

2. Label the cell and all its structures

3. Write a brief description explaining how 4 organelles (of your choosing) function and how their functions are interconnected.

Is there any overlap between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems? Are there any Immune system components that play a role in both Innate and Adaptive?

A protein you are studying is believed to have a beta barrel secondary structure that consists of several duplicate hydrophobic amino acid sequence repeats. Describe the cell structure you anticipate finding this protein in based on these characteristics

1-Describe features common to the immediate extant ancestors of land plants and discuss how land plants are thought to have evolved.. 100 marks

2. Make brief notes on any two of the following: a) Mosses b) Ferns c) Gymnosperms 100 marks

Propose different mechanisms that could contribute to the regulation of the activity of a receptor. Use Schema and explicit supporting legend.

how are flexion and extension different?

- Briefly explain how can you remove residual gDNA from RNA.

- What would be the issue(s) of having gDNA contamination in the RNA samples to be used for reverse transcription?

- Briefly explain when is recommended to use a one-step or a two-step reverse transcription protocol?

The demographic transition:The 4 stages of this transition are very important to know and understand.

a For each stage below explain what is occurring with birth and death rates AND state if population is stable, growing or declining. (3 points)

• Stage 1
• Stage 2
• Stage 3
• Stage 4

b) Imagine you are a political leader in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition and you are developing a plan to move your country through stages 2 and 3 to reach stage 4 as quickly as possible. What would be some specific methods you would advocate or laws you would pass to reach this goal. (1pt)

report on Iron deficiency and Vitamin B12 deficiency. how they occur? and what can be done to help?