Please give an overview as to how the fear system works from the following perspectives:

• How can an animal be fear conditioned and what are the neural circuits involved?
• How can a human be fear conditioned?
• What is the process of extinction and what are the neural circuits involved?
• How does the amygdala modulate declarative memory formation?

1. Body fat has a negative connotation in our society, but fat is actually essential for the proper functioning of the body. Don’t forget your citations. (5pts)

   1. Why do our bodies need fat?

   2. What happens if a person does not have enough body fat?

   3. Is the Body Mass Index (BMI) a good indicator of health, why or why not?

2. What causes overweight and obesity? (5pts)

   1. Is a function of behavior only (overeating, lack of exercise, etc.) or are biological factors also a cause? (citation expected)

   2. Do you think it is healthy, or even possible, for all people to attain and maintain a thin body according to current societal standards? (no citation expected).

   3. What do you think our societal standards should be? (no citation expected).

What is the significance of the Asgard group of Archaea to understanding the evolution of eukaryotes? What sorts of proteins are encoded by the Asgard genomes? Asgard is enriched for genes that were formally thought to be unique to eukaryotes – what kinds of functions are encoded by those genes? What does the presence of these imply about the last common ancestor of Asgard and eukaryotes?

3) You have four tubes containing the same DNA at the sameconcentrationin each tube (pH 7.5) but under different environmental conditions (listed below).  The T_Mfor this DNA molecule is 78°C at physiological salt conditions (~100 mM NaCl):

1. DNA in an aqueous solution that has been digested completely to nucleotideswith DNAse I enzyme.

2. DNA in an aqueous solution containing no salt and has been heated to 78°C.

3. DNA in an aqueous solution containing physiological concentrations of salt and heated to 78°C.

4. DNA in an aqueous solution containing physiological concentrations of salt and is heated only to 37^oC.

Match the samples above with their corresponding OD₂₆₀readings.  Next, explain your reasoning for each of the matches you made.  (For example, “The DNA in sample (a) gives the highest OD reading because…”).

• OD₂₆₀= 1.01 à

• OD₂₆₀= 0.195 à

• OD₂₆₀= 0.713 à

• OD₂₆₀= 0.421 à

In this lesson, you created a summary of some of the experiments and knowledge that led to the discovery of the DNA molecule. Attention Students: You may want to go through Module 7 before you start this assignment because it will give you further knowledge of the acceptance of DNA. (You'll notice that there is no other assignment for Module 7.)

Now your job is to create a timeline with the scientists and their discoveries that led to DNA being accepted as the molecule of inheritance. Your final product will be a timeline with a summary of the important information.

Use your imagination to create a format in which to display the information in a form that you can submit to your teacher. If in doubt, check with your teacher first to see if the format will be acceptable. It must be digital but you can start on paper and then scan your work into a digital format. Your submission must be informative and should accurately display the timeline that will run from about 1900 to the present time.

You must include at least two scientists that contributed to our knowledge of this molecule that IS NOT given in this template. If you kept your eyes open as you completed your research, you should have discovered quite a few important scientists that you could choose from. Include these individual or groups of scientists with a summary of their contributions on your timeline. You can go to Nobelprize.org for some very good information. This is a searchable website. Try to cover the timeline so that the contributions are spread out over time.

Marks

• Timeline – from 1900 to present = 2 marks
• Inclusion of the given scientists and their contributions = 3 x 3 = 9 marks
• Inclusion of two other contributors to DNA discovery = 2 x 3 = 6
• Sources of information provided for all information presented = 2 marks

Total = 19 marks

1) Charles Darwin's argument for natural selection can be presented in a variety of ways. In class we discussed four postulates for natural selection (note: a reasonable statement or assumed truth used in developing mathematical or logical reasoning). Identify and briefly describe the four postulates of natural selection.

2) In many animal societies there is a pattern of limited dispersal where members of a group stay together and other members of the group leave (disperse) and join up with different groups. What is likely the difference between the members of the group that stay versus those that leave, and what are the fitness benefits of this arrangement (a complete response will indicate who benefits and why)?

3) Explain what is meant by the principle of allocation, and how might we expect this principle to constrain life histories. Give at least one specific restriction on a life history trait that is result of the principle of allocation.

4) When using the mark-recapture method to estimate a population size, we make a variety of assumptions. Describe at least two assumptions that are violated in following example, and how those violations are like to affect the estimate of population size. Also identify at least one assumption that appears to have been satisfied.

A population of butterflies inhabiting a fieldworker is sampled: captured individuals are marked by brushing a Sharpie pen across the wing, but sometimes the wing is damaged as a result of this marking technique. After the sample is marked, the butterflies are releases and a researcher observes a few of the marked individuals flying away from the field and into a nearby wooded area. When the population is resampled the next day, one of the collectors is seen specifically targeting butterflies that had been previously captured and marked.

Flower color in pea plants exhibits complete dominance as the purple allele is completely dominant over the white alleles.

A) Out of 276 pea plants, 273 have purple flowers. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, calculate the Expected allele frequencies.

B) A group of students counts 552 pea plants. Based on the expected allele frequencies, how many should have purple flowers and how many should have white flowers?

3’ TACTYCATAACTGC 5’ 5’ ATGAAGTATTGACG 3’ What is the product of transcription? Which enzyme will complete transcription? 3’ TACTYCATAACTGC 5’ 5’ ATGAAGTATTGACG 3’ What is the product of translation? Give a silent mutation using arginine

What is used to “digest” DNA?

Select one:

A. Agarose powder

B. Restriction enzymes

C. TAE buffer

D. Pipettes

What is DNA’s electrical charge?

Select one:

A. Positive

B. Alternating (Both positive and negative)

C. Negative

D. Neutral

EcoRI recognizes which of the following sequences of DNA nucleotides?

Select one:

A. 5’ CCTTAAG 3’

B. 5’ GGCC 3’

C. 5’ GAATTC 3’

D. 5’ UUCGTA 3’

Scientists originally used __________ to create DNA profiles of individuals.

Select one:

A. EKROLs

B. DRKDFs

C. VNTRs

D. FWVIVs

Who is credited for being the first person to use DNA profiling to solve a crime?

Select one:

A. James Watson

B. Maurice Wilkins

C. Francis Crick

D. Alec Jeffreys

Determine the correct answer and explain why it is correct. Identify why the other options are not correct.

1. Which one of the following correctly describes how the acetyl-CoA is metabolized in the mitochondria?

1. One molecule of acetyl-CoA produces two molecules of CO₂, three molecules of NADH, one molecule of FAD(2H) and one molecule of ATP.
2. All of the energy for high-energy phosphate bonds is derived from oxidative phosphorylation.
3. NAD⁺ is the only electron acceptor in the cycle.
4. Substrate-level phosphorylation generates one high-energy phosphate bond during the cycle.
5. The TCA cycle requires large amounts of vitamins C and D as coenzymes.

1)Compare Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells.

Mendelian Genetics

In tomato plants, the gene R has two alleles that control fruit color: the R allele is dominant and produces red tomatoes; the r allele is recessive, and when homozygous produces yellow tomatoes. Gene T controls plant height: the T allele is dominant and produces tall plants; the t allele is recessive and when homozygous produces dwarf plants. Genes R and T undergo independent assortment.

A. Parental tomato plants of genotype RRTT and rrtt are crossed. What genotype and phenotype do you expect in the F₁ generation?

B. The F₁ tomatoes are interbred. Draw a Punnett Square to predict the genotypes and phenotypes that will be seen in the F₂ generation. Why is this only a prediction?
C. What fraction of the F₂ generation is expected to be purebreeding?
D. Would you expect to see the same or different results if the parental tomato plants had genotypes RRtt and rrTT?

You may choose more than one answer. Which of the following is a mechanism of signal amplification in the cAMP-PKA pathway?

One signal molecule, epinephrine, activates lots of G-proteins.

When activated, adenylyl cyclase synthesizes many cAMP molecules.

cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA) can activate a number of target proteins by phosphorylation.

Proteins phosphorylated by PKA can further activate other proteins that make other products

Discussion Topic: Teaching Chemistry for Understanding

Re-explain the following topic as if you were teaching it to others in a way they can understand it.

Explain Enzyme Structure and Function in a minimum of 200 words.